Proof of equipoise

In order to test a new treatment, in a standard randomised controlled trial, we are ethically assumed to have ‘equipoise’: an honest uncertainty at the same chance of a patient being allocated to the new or old treatment. But, I hear you scoff, how can any investigator put themselves through the hell of ethical administration […]

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It’s all the same

I am regularly faced with questions comparing two management approaches, and sometimes struggle to work out if the data which supports them shows that one thing is better, one thing is maybe not better, but not worse, that the two things are the same, or that we can’t really tell what the differences might be. […]

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Tarnished gold

What can you do when a ‘gold standard’ isn’t actually that good at diagnosing a condition? It can be terribly problematic in interpreting sensitivity and specificity – for example comparing polymerase chain reaction diagnosis of microbiological infection with culture results. The ‘false positive’ may actually reflect real, and otherwise missed, diagnosis, and the ‘false negatives’ […]

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Probiotics here, probiotics there, probiotics everywhere

Probiotics are everywhere these days. They are supposed to prevent all kinds of diseases, from infectious to immunological to allergic. Some of the claims have strong evidence, some not. A pilot study by Youngster I, et al, in which the role of probiotics before immunisations is studied, is yet another positive discovery, but there are […]

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