{"id":1017,"date":"2014-08-26T15:12:59","date_gmt":"2014-08-26T15:12:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/sti\/?p=1017"},"modified":"2014-08-17T20:13:25","modified_gmt":"2014-08-17T20:13:25","slug":"catch-up-and-incomplete-hpv-vaccination-better-than-nothing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/sti\/2014\/08\/26\/catch-up-and-incomplete-hpv-vaccination-better-than-nothing\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cCatch-up\u201d and incomplete HPV vaccination better than nothing"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Quadrivalent HPV vaccine (HPV4) has been shown to protect against HPV types 16 &amp; 18, which cause 70% of cervical cancers, and HPV types 6 &amp; 11, which cause 90% of genital warts.\u00a0 Health authorities in the US and elsewhere have therefore recommended routine vaccination of girls (and more recently boys) at ages 11 &amp; 12, and \u201ccatch-up\u201d vaccination for women aged 13 to 26. Vaccination programmes in New Zealand (<a href=\"http:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/content\/87\/7\/544.abstract?sid=953d07e5-71a2-4f4a-93c6-2ba4bce527ae\">STIs\/Read &amp; Fairley<\/a>) and Australia (<a href=\"http:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/content\/85\/7\/499.abstract?sid=953d07e5-71a2-4f4a-93c6-2ba4bce527ae\">STIs\/Fairley and Bradshaw<\/a>) have indicated what can be achieved, given adequate coverage.<\/p>\n<p>For the US and elsewhere there remains a problem of ensuring coverage. \u00a0Recent figures from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention <em>National Immunization Survey-Teen<\/em> (NIS-Teen) for 13-17 year-olds \u22651 dose quadrivalent or bivalent vaccine, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/mm6329a3.htm?s_cid=mm6329a3_w\">CDC\/MMWR 25.7.14<\/a>, show levels that remain obstinately low despite year on year improvement, rising from <strong>53.8%<\/strong> to <strong>57.3%<\/strong> (girls), and from <strong>20.8%<\/strong> to <strong>34.6%<\/strong> (boys) between 2012 and 2013.\u00a0 By comparison, UK uptake on the first 3 years of its programme was 66% (<a href=\"http:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/content\/90\/4\/315.abstract?sid=71b7d823-f123-49e9-a4ed-cb768d693a32\">STIs\/Sacks &amp; Robinson<\/a>).\u00a0 The low US rate is of particular concern because there is considerable evidence from the US and UK that it is often those who are most at risk, such as racial and ethnic minorities, who are most likely to miss out on vaccination (<a href=\"http:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/content\/87\/Suppl_1\/A213.3.abstract?sid=71b7d823-f123-49e9-a4ed-cb768d693a32\">STIs\/Niccola &amp; Hadler<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/content\/90\/4\/315.abstract?sid=71b7d823-f123-49e9-a4ed-cb768d693a32\">STIs\/Sacks &amp; Robinson<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/content\/87\/Suppl_1\/A213.2.abstract?sid=71b7d823-f123-49e9-a4ed-cb768d693a32\">STIs\/Liddon &amp; Hadler<\/a>).\u00a0 Tantalizingly, the Report estimates at <strong>91.3%<\/strong> the coverage for \u22651 dose by age 13, if HPV vaccine had been administered to adolescent girls born in 2000 during health care visits when they received another vaccine.<\/p>\n<p>This, of course, raises the question why this opportunity is being missed.\u00a0 The authors cite the disquieting datum that, when <em>NIS-Teen<\/em> asked parents to identify reasons for non-vaccination, one third of parents of girls and over half of parents of boys reported that their child\u2019s clinician had not recommended\u00a0 that their child receive an HPV vaccination. \u00a0They therefore point to the need to address gaps in clinician knowledge and communication skills as well as parental knowledge. \u00a0A discussion of apparent difficulty of ensuring the conformity of providers to HPV guidelines has already been discussed by <a href=\"http:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/content\/88\/6\/433.abstract?sid=71b7d823-f123-49e9-a4ed-cb768d693a32\">STIs\/Kepka &amp; Seraya<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Given poor levels of uptake at age 11-12, especially among some of the needier populations, it becomes important to know the effectiveness of catch-up vaccination and incomplete vaccination.\u00a0 This is made very evident in a recent US cross-sectional study, <a href=\"http:\/\/journals.lww.com\/stdjournal\/pages\/results.aspx?txtKeywords=Brogly,%20Shi%20Yang\">Brogly &amp; Shi Yang<\/a> (B&amp;Y), of the relation of cervical abnormalities to HPV vaccination status amongst 235 minority women undergoing routine cervical cytology testing.\u00a0 Only <strong>54%<\/strong> of these had initiated, and only <strong>33%<\/strong> completed, vaccination &#8211; and of those vaccinated, only <strong>3%<\/strong> had received the vaccination before sexual debut. \u00a0Their results appear to show that even a tardy, and frequently incomplete, HPV vaccination confers significant benefits on individual women.\u00a0 Abnormalities (ASCUS, LSIL or HSIL) proved to be considerably reduced amongst the vaccinated group, even where participants had not completed the full course of three injections &#8211; <strong>RR 0.35<\/strong> for \u22651 dose as against no vaccination; <strong>RR 0.45<\/strong> for 1-2 doses as against no vaccination; <strong>RR 0.26<\/strong> for completed vaccine as against no vaccination.\u00a0 If corroborated in further studies, these findings could reinforce argument in favour of the effectiveness of HPV catch-up against those have placed this in doubt (<a href=\"http:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/content\/87\/Suppl_1\/A62.1.abstract?sid=be51499e-7a80-4d7a-80ee-8318463934ac\">STs\/Chesson &amp; Markowitz<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>The study also aimed to examine the relationship between vaccination status and HPV genotype, but the sample size was too small to establish anything very conclusive.\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/sti.bmj.com\/content\/88\/8\/627.abstract?sid=6c9608da-f099-4310-a1d8-f1f3df461e66\">STIs\/Nielsen &amp; Kjaer <\/a>claim to demonstrate, with a far larger Danish sample, that low-risk types are frequent in ASCUS lesions, but scarcely ever occur in isolation from high-risk HPV types, where the lesions are more severe.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Quadrivalent HPV vaccine (HPV4) has been shown to protect against HPV types 16 &amp; 18, which cause 70% of cervical cancers, and HPV types 6 &amp; 11, which cause 90% of genital warts.\u00a0 Health authorities in the US and elsewhere have therefore recommended routine vaccination of girls (and more recently boys) at ages 11 &amp; [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/sti\/2014\/08\/26\/catch-up-and-incomplete-hpv-vaccination-better-than-nothing\/\">Read More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":152,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2316,4358],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1017","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hpv","category-hpv-vaccination"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u201cCatch-up\u201d and incomplete HPV vaccination better than nothing  - Sexually Transmitted Infections<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/sti\/2014\/08\/26\/catch-up-and-incomplete-hpv-vaccination-better-than-nothing\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta 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