{"id":2408,"date":"2020-05-28T10:00:17","date_gmt":"2020-05-28T09:00:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/medical-humanities\/?p=2408"},"modified":"2021-07-23T09:43:34","modified_gmt":"2021-07-23T08:43:34","slug":"response-to-make-covid-19-visuals-gross","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/medical-humanities\/2020\/05\/28\/response-to-make-covid-19-visuals-gross\/","title":{"rendered":"Response to \u201cMake COVID-19 Visuals Gross\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"

Provocation by Han Yu<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"
Coronavirus, public domain image<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

In a provocation<\/a> dated April 21, 2020, Bivens and Moeller argue that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)\u2019s SARS-CoV-2 virus illustration<\/a>, \u201cwhile scientifically accurate and visually pleasing,\u201d fails to convey \u201cthe exigency of the current pandemic\u2026and the human toll\u201d and doesn\u2019t provoke publics to adopt behaviors (such as handwashing and social distancing) that help curb the pandemic. Drawing upon Sam Dragga and Dan Voss\u2019s article<\/a> and CDC\u2019s publication on sexually transmitted diseases, Bivens and Moeller suggest that we make COVID-19 images \u201cgross,\u201d \u201cgraphic,\u201d and \u201cgrotesque\u201d by depicting infected human bodies, possibly their lifeless lungs.<\/p>\n

I applaud Bivens and Moeller\u2019s provocation, especially their reminder that the virus is indiscriminate and that each of us is responsible for stopping its ravage. At the same time, I can\u2019t help thinking that there is more to the issue.<\/p>\n

Like Bivens and Moeller, I admire Dragga and Voss\u2019 insight that conventional technical visuals often lack human elements, and I agree that the human, the affective is important, if not essential, in visual communication. Elsewhere, I have drawn upon such arguments to propose comics-style technical communication<\/a> and to critique the visualization of genetics in popular science magazines<\/a>.<\/p>\n

But, COVID-19, at this time and place, is different: it is an ongoing, out of control, economically and politically charged crisis. Because exposure to COVID-19 is not voluntary, controllable, or familiar\u2014like driving and exposing ourselves to the risk of driving is[1]<\/a>\u2014the risk we confer to COVID-19 is inherently high. Add to this mass media\u2019s tendency to selectively report the shocking and the extraordinary, and many members of the public are already fearful (as they should be) of the virus. Indeed, driven by fear and to control that fear, some resorted to hoarding food, bottled water, cleaning products, even toilet paper<\/a>. When that\u2019s not enough, some took their fear (and anger) out on fellow members of the society who committed no wrongs than being of Asian descent<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Given this context, I fear<\/em> the consequences of making COVID-19 visuals gross. While fear appeals have been used in behavioral and health campaigns to \u201cscare people straight,\u201d studies show that such appeals backfire when they are not accompanied by strong efficacy messages.[2]<\/a> In other words, if people are scared about a risk but are not given highly effective means to control that risk (or do not believe such means), then that fear turns into counterproductive actions such as denial (\u201cI\u2019m not at risk for this.\u201d), avoidance (\u201cThis is too scary. I\u2019ll not think about it.\u201d), or reactance<\/a> (\u201cThis is just a hoax. I won\u2019t listen to it.\u201d). Fear appeals also create anger and anxiety,[3]<\/a> which may feed back into reactions such as hoarding, racism, and xenophobia. These negative effects can be heightened in visual communication because the effect of visuals, compared to that of texts, is immediate, unbalanced, and visceral.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

Given these considerations, I think CDC\u2019s SARS-CoV-2 illustration does a commendable job of capturing the appearance of the virus as shown by electron microscopy<\/a>, while exercising appropriate creative license to make the transparent, insubstantial virus realistic and eye-catching. Yes, without textual explanations\/callouts, public viewers may not fully understand the function of the \u201cspikes\u201d or other parts of the virus. But, as far as the illustration itself is concerned, it shows what it intends to show (good semantics) and shows it clearly (good syntactics). The question, then, is its pragmatic effect, its social and behavioral impact, or the lack thereof as Bivens and Moeller suggest.<\/p>\n

According to one of the illustration\u2019s creators, Alissa Eckert, people are already haunted by her illustration as is<\/a>. True, not all members of the public take COVID-19 as seriously, but I\u2019m not sure gross images alone would make a difference, for reasons mentioned above. Still, should we desire more visual gravity, we may opt to make the same illustration drearier by adjusting its color scheme<\/a>. More productively, we can create diagrams that demonstrate how the virus spreads, how it enters our bodies, how it damages cells and organs, and how\/where we can intervene by actions such as social distancing. These images, rather than grotesque visuals of dying humans, stand a better chance to be emphatic, sobering, and, above all, informative as the world tries to find its way through the pandemic.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Han Yu<\/em><\/a> studies science communication and visual communication. Her most recent work is <\/em>Mind Thief<\/em><\/a>, a popular science book telling the messy stories of how we attempt to unravel Alzheimer\u2019s disease.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Candice Walhausen, \u201cVisualizing Science: Using Grounded Theory to Critically Evaluate Data Visualizations,\u201d Scientific Communication: Practices, Theories, and Pedagogies, <\/em>ed. H. Yu & K. Northcut (New York: Routledge), 82-106).<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Kim Witte and Mike Allen, \u201cA Meta-Analysis of Fear Appeals: Implications for Effective Public Health Campaigns,\u201d Health Education & Behavior<\/em> 27, no. 5 (2000): 591-615.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Kim Witte and Mike Allen, \u201cA meta-analysis of Fear Appeals,\u201d 605.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Kathryn Northcut, “Images as Facilitators of Public Participation in Science,” Journal of Visual Literacy<\/em> 26, no. 1 (2006): 1-14; Derek G. Ross, \u201cThe Role of Ethics, Culture, and Artistry in Scientific Illustration,\u201d Technical Communication Quarterly<\/em> 26, no. 2 (2017): 145-72.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Provocation by Han Yu In a provocation dated April 21, 2020, Bivens and Moeller argue that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)\u2019s SARS-CoV-2 virus illustration, \u201cwhile scientifically accurate and visually pleasing,\u201d fails to convey \u201cthe exigency of the current pandemic\u2026and the human toll\u201d and doesn\u2019t provoke publics to adopt behaviors (such as handwashing […]<\/p>\n

Read More…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":345,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15020],"tags":[15068,15104],"class_list":["post-2408","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-provocations","tag-blog","tag-covid-19"],"yoast_head":"\nResponse to \u201cMake COVID-19 Visuals Gross\u201d - Medical Humanities<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Han Yu responds in this provocation to Kristin Marie Bivens and Marie Moeller's provocation, \u201cMake COVID-19 Visuals Gross.\u201d\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/medical-humanities\/2020\/05\/28\/response-to-make-covid-19-visuals-gross\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" 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