{"id":1988,"date":"2019-06-25T10:00:47","date_gmt":"2019-06-25T09:00:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/medical-humanities\/?p=1988"},"modified":"2019-06-14T10:43:11","modified_gmt":"2019-06-14T09:43:11","slug":"enchanting-robots-intimacy-magic-and-technology-by-maciej-musial","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/medical-humanities\/2019\/06\/25\/enchanting-robots-intimacy-magic-and-technology-by-maciej-musial\/","title":{"rendered":"Enchanting Robots: Intimacy, Magic, and Technology by Maciej Musia\u0142"},"content":{"rendered":"

Review by Sue Smith<\/strong><\/p>\n

Enchanting Robots: Intimacy, Magic, and Technology<\/em> is part of the book series, Social and Cultural Studies of Robots and AI<\/em>, edited by Kathleen Richardson, Cathrine Hasse and Teresa Heffernan, and is written by Polish academic, Maciej Musia\u0142. In Enchanting Robots<\/em> Musia\u0142 discusses \u2018magic\u2019 and \u2018magical thinking\u2019 in order to critically assess humanity\u2019s current and projected future relationship with newly emerging robot technology.\u00a0 In brief, \u2018magical thinking\u2019 is the ability of humans to imaginatively confer human qualities onto \u2018others,\u2019 both animate and inanimate, creating meaningful and intimate connections with the non-human world.\u00a0 It is through the theoretical lens of \u2018magical thinking,\u2019 which Musia\u0142 describes as an ongoing historical human process of enchantment, disenchantment and re-enchantment in pre-modern, modern and postmodern societies, that Enchanting Robots <\/em>explores and examines humanity\u2019s desire to re-enact personal moments of\u00a0 \u2018magic\u2019 with the non-human \u2018other\u2019.\u00a0 According to Musia\u0142, understanding \u2018magical thinking\u2019 is of value because it helps explain how humans across differing cultures and time periods productively seek and create authentic moments of novelty and self worth that is of psychological benefit to both the individual and the wider community.\u00a0 In particular, in the current climate of robot technology, which is creating a generation of love robots, sex robots and care robots in order to facilitate and promote new human relations with technology, Musia\u0142 argues that \u2018magical thinking\u2019 in today\u2019s western world demands careful consideration for establishing important ethical foundations for the use and acceptance of non-human partners and carers in medicine and social care and across society in general.<\/p>\n

Sequentially, Enchanting Robots<\/em> consists of an \u2018Introduction\u2019 and four chapters starting with chapter 2, \u2018Robots Enchanting Humans\u2019; chapter 3, \u2018Humans Enchanting Robots\u2019; chapter 4, \u2018Disenchanting and Re-Enchanting in Modernity\u2019; and finally chapter 5, \u2018In Lieu of a Conclusion: Where Will We Go from Here?\u2019\u00a0 In the \u2018Introduction,\u2019 Musia\u0142 begins by clarifying his position on the subject of human and robot relationships and outlines the content and argument of each chapter.\u00a0 As an overview, Musia\u0142\u2019s intention is not to argue for or against human machine interactions but rather to understand how human thinking can make such interactions possible.\u00a0 Furthermore, Musia\u0142 is not interested in using popular cultural references such as science fiction and news media reports in order to explain \u2018magical thinking\u2019 and its contemporary relevance to humanity\u2019s desire for intimacy with technology.\u00a0 Instead, in order to analyze the rapidly emerging phenomenon of human robot interactions, he turns to philosophy and the academic field of social and cultural studies.\u00a0 In particular, Musia\u0142 is keen to dispel conventional ideas of \u2018magical thinking\u2019 as merely primitive or childlike\u2014regressive and irrational.\u00a0 Importantly, he wishes to understand what makes \u2018magical thinking\u2019 possible in a modern rational world so that he can explore current emerging trends in robot technology.<\/p>\n

In chapter 2, \u2018Robots Enchanting Humans,\u2019 Musia\u0142 observes how humans have come to perceive \u2018robots [as being] magical enough to develop intimate relationships with them\u2019 (11). Here Musia\u0142 turns to the field of \u2018robot ethics,\u2019 in order to evaluate the moral purpose of developing AI and robot technology in modern society.\u00a0 It is through the lens of\u00a0 \u2018robot ethics\u2019 that Musia\u0142 carefully examines both the response of \u2018enthusiasts,\u2019 who promote the beneficence of robots to human society, and the response of \u2018skeptics,\u2019 who doubt the advantage of robots and AI technology.\u00a0 For example, as Musia\u0142\u2019 explains \u2018enthusiasts\u2019 argue that robots can improve human relations and quality of life by providing much needed care and companionship for both adults and children in social, residential and hospital care. \u00a0\u00a0Also as Musia\u0142 points out enthusiasts are keen advocates of AI and robot technology for its potential to relieve loneliness and anxiety in individuals who struggle with intimate human relations and, as a result of robot interaction, may even develop and enhance their human ability to express empathy.\u00a0 In contrast, as Musia\u0142 reveals, \u2018skeptics\u2019 worry about how robots might ultimately degrade human relations by reifying behaviour and attitudes that perpetuate unequal relations between humans and non-human \u2018Others\u2019.\u00a0 Overall Musia\u0142\u2019s aim is \u2018to understand where these positions come from and where they might lead\u2019 (11) in order to understand how robots gain value and acceptance or are treated with suspicion and are rejected by human society and what this might mean to the development of human robot relations in the future.<\/p>\n

In chapter 3, \u2018Humans Enchanting Robots,\u2019 Musia\u0142 switches to how humans are enchanting robots (which, he argues, is only possible because humans think of robots as magical enough to be enchanted by them), by drawing upon anthropological, psychological and philosophical accounts of \u2018magical thinking\u2019 in texts both classic and contemporary.\u00a0 Specifically Musia\u0142 shifts away from human reactions with robots to focus on human reflections about robots.\u00a0 Here Musia\u0142 wishes to \u2018delve into reevaluations\u2019 of magic and magical thinking in order to \u2018focus on shifts in its relationship with modern rational thinking\u2019 that range temporally \u2018from [the] second part of the nineteenth century to the present time\u2019 (63).\u00a0 Musia\u0142\u2019s reevaluation of magical thinking turns upon the theory of \u2018syncretism,\u2019 which is the psychological state of \u2018non-alternativity\u2019\u2014the ability of humans to \u2018undifferentiate\u2019 between the self and the non-self, a process that involves drawing \u2018no distinction between the real and the unreal\u2019 (78-81). Through syncretism, Musia\u0142 discusses and explains humanity\u2019s unique ability to demonstrate empathy towards robots and to magically think them as in some way \u2018alive\u2019.\u00a0 Furthermore, through the theory of syncretism Musia\u0142 is able to dispel the myth that rational thought is simply \u2018progressive and useful\u2019 and magical thought \u2018primitive and useless\u2019 (106).\u00a0 As Musia\u0142 concludes, in the current climate of new technology, in which \u2018magical thinking\u2019 offers the potential to imagine novel relations with non-human \u2018Others\u2019, modern rational thought is not as universally useful as it is so often perceived.\u00a0 Instead, as Musia\u0142 argues, it is through the critical lens of magical thinking that it is possible to re-evaluate humanity\u2019s disenchantment with modern rational thought by exposing its limitations and tendency to exclude and objectify \u2018Others\u2019 as it dominates and exploits humans, non-human beings and the environment.<\/p>\n

Musia\u0142\u2019s \u2018thinking\u2019 about robots navigates between the under critical thinking of enthusiasts and the over critical thinking of skeptics in order to outline the value of \u2018magical thinking\u2019 in the contemporary world and provide a pathway for establishing ethical and equitable human\/robot relations for the future.\u00a0 In chapter 4, \u2018Disenchanting and Re-enchanting in Modernity,\u2019 Musia\u0142 expands his discussion of \u2018magical thinking\u2019 and human reactions with, and reflections about, robots within a more general framework of contemporary Western culture.\u00a0 Drawing upon the work of Max Weber, Musia\u0142 examines human \u2018disenchantment of and with modernity\u2019 in order to understand the \u2018complementary\u2019 phenomenon of \u2018re-enchantment\u2019 (116). In Musia\u0142\u2019s analysis for instance, he states that \u2018[d]isenchantment is closely connected to processes of secularization and rationalization\u2019 (117)\u2014a process that has led to Western culture becoming so disenchanted by the modern world that there is now a desire for magic and re-enchantment.\u00a0 Fortunately, as Musia\u0142 reveals, disenchantment is an incomplete project, which means that magic and re-enchantment have not completely disappeared from Western society.\u00a0 As Musia\u0142 states, despite Western humanity\u2019s disenchantment with the rational modern world, re-enchantment still \u2018belongs to human nature\u2019 (119).\u00a0 Finally, by turning to the work of Mark Coeckelbergh, Musia\u0142 concludes that \u2018the presence of both rational and romantic aspects in our interactions with and attitudes toward technology\u2019 are \u2018two sides of the same modern coin\u2019 (121).\u00a0 Consequently, in Musia\u0142\u2019s findings, magical thinking is still present and possible in contemporary society and has become culturally acceptable and normal.<\/p>\n

Finally, returning to the key concerns of Enchanting Robots<\/em>, which is to explore the development and impact of care robots, sex robots and love robots in Western society, Musia\u0142 discusses in depth the possibilities of magic and magical thinking in the creation of novel intimate relationships with new AI and robotic technology.\u00a0 Throughout his book Musia\u0142 is even handed in his exploration of the limitations and potentiality of new technology to provide love and care for humans alleviating loneliness, anxiety and stress for those who are either in need of social and medical care, or who find it difficult to navigate the complex social codes of human relationships in the modern world.\u00a0 In the final chapter, \u2018In Lieu of a Conclusion: Where Will We Go from Here?\u2019, Musia\u0142 reiterates and sums up the key points and questions raised in his book about intimacy, magic and magical thinking, objectively presenting them to the reader as a suggested pathway through the impasse of questions that repeatedly ask: will robot technology degrade humankind or will it enhance human relations?\u00a0 Instead, Musia\u0142 initiates a much more useful debate about technology in order to initiate ethical and practical thinking about robots and their impact and place in society and culture.\u00a0 As Musia\u0142 states in his final comment on magical thinking, intimacy and technology: \u2018We should consider, [\u2026] where we want the future to take us and futures we wish to avoid as well as where the futures may take us despite our wishes\u2019 (153).\u00a0 Enchanting Robots<\/em> is an academic book for professionals working in technology and robot engineering, medical humanities, disability studies and social and cultural studies.\u00a0 It is a sophisticated reading of contemporary studies in AI and robot technology and is pathfinding in thinking about human robot relations for a contemporary and future world.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Review by Sue Smith Enchanting Robots: Intimacy, Magic, and Technology is part of the book series, Social and Cultural Studies of Robots and AI, edited by Kathleen Richardson, Cathrine Hasse and Teresa Heffernan, and is written by Polish academic, Maciej Musia\u0142. In Enchanting Robots Musia\u0142 discusses \u2018magic\u2019 and \u2018magical thinking\u2019 in order to critically assess […]<\/p>\n

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