{"id":4400,"date":"2023-05-08T13:57:22","date_gmt":"2023-05-08T12:57:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/medical-ethics\/?p=4400"},"modified":"2023-05-08T13:57:22","modified_gmt":"2023-05-08T12:57:22","slug":"chinas-national-health-commission-bans-single-women-from-freezing-eggs-with-or-without-legal-and-ethical-justifications","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/medical-ethics\/2023\/05\/08\/chinas-national-health-commission-bans-single-women-from-freezing-eggs-with-or-without-legal-and-ethical-justifications\/","title":{"rendered":"China\u2019s National Health Commission bans single women from freezing eggs: with or without legal and ethical justifications?"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Hao Wang.<\/p>\n

Theresa Xu, \u2018the first Chinese single woman to sue for her right to freeze eggs,\u2019\u00a0lost her lawsuit last year<\/a>. In 2020, Xu, then 30, sought to freeze eggs in a hospital in Beijing. Xu\u00a0was not ready to be a mother\u00a0then, but thought she might want to be one\u00a0in the future. Therefore, she hoped to preserve fertility through oocyte cryopreservation – also known as \u2018elective,\u2019 \u2018social,\u2019 or \u2018non-medical\u2019 egg freezing, to give her future self more options. However, she\u00a0was told that the egg freezing service was not open to single women.<\/p>\n

Feeling unfairly treated, Xu sued the hospital for discriminating against unmarried women. The case underwent several trials before the court held that the hospital\u2019s refusal of service was not discriminatory and fully complied with the current medical regulations. Indeed, according to a series of regulations and ethical principles issued by China\u2019s former Ministry of Health (the predecessor of today\u2019s National Health Commission), which are still in effect today, assisted reproductive technologies (ART) can only be applied for by infertile married couples.<\/p>\n

In China, egg freezing technology first attracted public attention in 2015<\/a> when a famous movie star revealed in an interview that she had frozen eggs overseas. In recent years, an increasing number of Chinese women have been interested in freezing eggs. Some already paid high fees to freeze eggs abroad<\/a>. Xu\u2019s lawsuit made egg freezing a hot topic across the country again, prompting reflections\u00a0on the legitimacy of the National Health Commission\u2019s current policy.<\/p>\n

Whether single women can legally freeze eggs in China is more than a legal issue. Although the constitution and national laws do not explicitly deny single women\u2019s reproductive rights, nor prohibit single women from using ART, if single women\u2019s egg freezing is found to be contrary to ethics or public interests, the \u2018public order and good customs\u2019 principle of the Chinese Civil Code and the \u2018fundamental right restriction clause\u2019 of the Constitution can provide a legal basis to bar unmarried women from egg freezing service.<\/p>\n

In terms of ethics, the issue of whether single women\u2019s egg freezing is ethical in China can be broken down into two parts. One is whether freezing eggs for \u2018non-medical\u2019 reasons is ethical, a controversial issue worldwide. Frequently raised concerns include the medical risks involved, issues associated with exploitation, the medicalisation of social phenomena, as well as the issue that women may have \u2018false hope\u2019 about the success rates of egg freezing.<\/p>\n

The other question, which is more culturally specific, is whether it is ethical for single women to use ART. The National Health Commission believes that it is unethical for unmarried women to have children through ART, which reflects China\u2019s traditional culture that considers \u2018reproduction\u2019 and \u2018marriage\u2019 closely linked and sees out-of-marriage childbirth as unethical. While \u2018single women preserving fertility through freezing eggs\u2019 and \u2018single women using ART to give birth\u2019 are very different, some are concerned that lifting the egg freezing ban for unmarried women may trigger a so-called \u2018slippery-slope effect\u2019, gradually weakening the traditional linke between marriage and childbearing.<\/p>\n

My paper<\/a> provides\u00a0an ethico-legal analysis of the National Health Commission\u2019s current policy prohibiting single women from freezing their eggs. I conclude that the ethical arguments against single women\u2019s egg freezing, including the aforementioned \u2018slippery-slope effect theory,\u2019 are insufficient to justify a ban that categorically refuses to respect the needs of many single women to preserve fertility against the threat of time.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Paper title: Single women\u2019s access to egg freezing in mainland China: an ethicolegal analysis<\/a><\/p>\n

Author: Hao Wang<\/p>\n

Affiliations: Hangzhou Normal University, China<\/p>\n

Competing interests: Non-declared.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Hao Wang. Theresa Xu, \u2018the first Chinese single woman to sue for her right to freeze eggs,\u2019\u00a0lost her lawsuit last year. In 2020, Xu, then 30, sought to freeze eggs in a hospital in Beijing. Xu\u00a0was not ready to be a mother\u00a0then, but thought she might want to be one\u00a0in the future. Therefore, she […]<\/p>\n

Read More…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":354,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8073,7988,2022],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4400","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-assisted-reproductive-technology","category-regulation-and-regulators","category-reproduction"],"yoast_head":"\nChina\u2019s National Health Commission bans single women from freezing eggs: with or without legal and ethical justifications? - Journal of Medical Ethics blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/medical-ethics\/2023\/05\/08\/chinas-national-health-commission-bans-single-women-from-freezing-eggs-with-or-without-legal-and-ethical-justifications\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"China\u2019s National Health Commission bans single women from freezing eggs: with or without legal and ethical justifications? - Journal of Medical Ethics blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By Hao Wang. 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