{"id":3620,"date":"2019-11-02T13:18:41","date_gmt":"2019-11-02T12:18:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/medical-ethics\/?p=3620"},"modified":"2019-11-05T13:34:26","modified_gmt":"2019-11-05T12:34:26","slug":"birth-and-birth-why-human-subjects-in-artificial-wombs-should-be-treated-as-neonates","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/medical-ethics\/2019\/11\/02\/birth-and-birth-why-human-subjects-in-artificial-wombs-should-be-treated-as-neonates\/","title":{"rendered":"Birth and \u201cBirth\u201d: Why Human Subjects in Artificial Wombs Should be Treated as Neonates"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Nick Colgrove.<\/p>\n

Recently<\/a>, I argued that human subjects in artificial wombs are newborns (or, at least, should be treated as newborns). This is because the subject of partial ectogenesis\u2014which has been extracted from a pregnant woman\u2019s body and placed in an artificial womb\u2014is a newborn, full stop. The subject of complete ectogenesis\u2014which is created in vitro and later placed in an artificial womb\u2014has not been born, but (I argued) should be treated as a newborn nonetheless.<\/p>\n

Elizabeth Chloe Romanis responded<\/a> to these claims with a handful of arguments. In the present essay<\/a>, I explain why none of her arguments undermine my original claims. Rather than rehearse the details of our essays here, however, I will describe (what I take to be) a major source of the disagreement between Romanis and I, before discussing two implications of this debate.<\/p>\n

First, the disagreement between Romanis and I likely stems, in large part, from our differing definitions of \u201cbirth.\u201d In my original essay (and in the present essay<\/a>), I follow the World Health Organization<\/a> (WHO), U.S. Law<\/a>, and medical community (see here<\/a> and here<\/a>) when understanding \u201clive birth\u201d as involving two criteria: First, a subject must be completely extracted or expelled from its mother\u2019s body. Second, it must show some relevant \u201cevidence of life\u201d (e.g., \u201cbeating of the heart\u201d). Subjects of partial ectogenesis satisfy both criteria. Hence, they should be considered \u201clive born.\u201d<\/p>\n

In her response<\/a>, Romanis claims that this story \u201cmisconstrues\u201d what birth is. Birth, in her view, involves \u201ctwo events\u201d: \u201cthe expulsion of the entity from a pregnant person\u201d and \u201cthe emergence of that entity from the process of gestation.\u201d Subjects of partial ectogenesis have completed the first step, but not the second. Hence, they are not<\/em> newborns.<\/p>\n

Were Romanis simply advocating an alternate, unconventional definition of \u201cbirth\u201d before arguing that subjects of partial ectogenesis have not been \u201cborn\u201d (in that <\/em>sense) that would be one thing. But this is not what she does. Instead, she claims that her account of \u201cbirth\u201d just is<\/em> the definition already endorsed by the WHO and that my essay \u201cfails to acknowledge\u201d this fact.<\/p>\n

I encourage the reader to test these claims.<\/p>\n

I suspect that anyone who reads the WHO\u2019s definition (linked above) will quickly discover that Romanis\u2019s claims are seriously misrepresenting it. Either way, it should be clear that by defining \u201cbirth\u201d differently, Romanis and I come to different conclusions about the subjects of partial ectogenesis. This leads to two general observations about the present debate.<\/p>\n

First, as noted above, how we define \u201cbirth\u201d will affect whether or not subjects of partial ectogenesis count as \u201cnewborns.\u201d But whether or not human subjects in artificial wombs are newborns (i.e., persons<\/em>) will obviously have a significant impact on the ways in which artificial womb technology is developed and used. Hence, as noted in my original essay<\/a>, attempts to redefine \u201cbirth\u201d (as Romanis does) should be approached with great caution.<\/p>\n

Second, how we define \u201cbirth\u201d may (indirectly) affect abortion access. If subjects of partial ectogenesis are genuinely newborns\u2014as I have argued\u2014then it seems that artificial womb technology will affect the \u201cviability line.\u201d Romanis makes this same observation elsewhere<\/a>. To put it roughly, the \u201cviability line\u201d is the point at which a fetus is capable of being born alive (and has a reasonable chance of survival, with or without artificial aid). If artificial womb technology allows physicians to extract fetuses as early as 12 weeks into their development, for example, and the technology is very reliable in preserving the lives of these subjects, then viability will be somewhere around week 12.<\/p>\n

This matters because\u2014as Romanis notes<\/a>\u2014there are many countries in which abortion access is limited after the viability line is reached. As such, if artificial womb technology allows a fetus to transition from fetus to \u201clive born\u201d at earlier and earlier stages, abortion access may become subject to greater and greater restrictions. If one wishes to prevent the relevant encroachment on abortion access, it makes sense to argue that subjects of partial ectogenesis are not really newborns (for one reason or another). But given widely accepted<\/em> definitions of \u201cbirth,\u201d subjects of partial ectogenesis simply are newborns. And Romanis\u2019s response fails to refute this claim.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Paper title:<\/strong> Artificial Wombs, Birth, and \u201cBirth\u201d: A Response to Romanis<\/a><\/p>\n

Author:<\/strong> Nick Colgrove<\/p>\n

Affiliation:<\/strong> Wake Forest University<\/p>\n

Competing Interests:<\/strong> None<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Nick Colgrove. Recently, I argued that human subjects in artificial wombs are newborns (or, at least, should be treated as newborns). This is because the subject of partial ectogenesis\u2014which has been extracted from a pregnant woman\u2019s body and placed in an artificial womb\u2014is a newborn, full stop. The subject of complete ectogenesis\u2014which is created […]<\/p>\n

Read More…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":354,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8059,2022],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3620","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-abortion","category-reproduction"],"yoast_head":"\nBirth and \u201cBirth\u201d: Why Human Subjects in Artificial Wombs Should be Treated as Neonates - Journal of Medical Ethics blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/medical-ethics\/2019\/11\/02\/birth-and-birth-why-human-subjects-in-artificial-wombs-should-be-treated-as-neonates\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Birth and \u201cBirth\u201d: Why Human Subjects in Artificial Wombs Should be Treated as Neonates - Journal of Medical Ethics blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By Nick Colgrove. 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