{"id":2974,"date":"2015-12-10T00:48:04","date_gmt":"2015-12-09T23:48:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/medical-ethics\/?p=2974"},"modified":"2015-12-10T03:07:54","modified_gmt":"2015-12-10T02:07:54","slug":"a-moral-imperative-to-pursue-gene-editing-research","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/medical-ethics\/2015\/12\/10\/a-moral-imperative-to-pursue-gene-editing-research\/","title":{"rendered":"A Moral Imperative to Pursue Gene Editing Research?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>A moral imperative to pursue gene editing research?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The bioethicist Erik Parens has recently asked whether parents can be trusted with gene-editing technology, in a <a href=\"https:\/\/aeon.co\/essays\/can-parents-be-trusted-with-gene-editing-technology\">thought-provoking essay<\/a> published in <em>Aeon<\/em> magazine. To set the stage, he writes that: \u201cIn April 2015, in the pages of <em>Science,<\/em> a group of prominent scientists and ethicists announced the need for a public conversation about a new gene-editing technology that, in principle, could be used to make precise, safe and effective changes \u2013 or \u2018edits\u2019 \u2013 to human genomes.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Why the need for a public conversation? For one thing, some people fear that this new technology \u2013 called CRISPR-Cas9 \u2013 will be used to create \u201cdesigner babies,\u201d that is, offspring whose genomes have been tweaked to select for traits that the parents judge to be desirable (in a way that goes beyond attempts to treat or prevent disease). Others see a direct path to Nazi-style eugenics, and suggest that a ban on at least certain uses of the technology should be strongly considered.<\/p>\n<p>But as with any new potent technology, CRISPR-Cas9 could be used for good as well as for ill. The potential for misuse, then, needs to be balanced against the possible benefits that could be brought to society if the technology were used appropriately.<\/p>\n<p>And that means (among other things) deciding what uses should be considered \u201cfor good\u201d or \u201cfor ill\u201d in the first place. In other words, there is no avoiding the need for a sober conversation\u00a0about\u00a0fundamental values.<\/p>\n<p>Fortunately, the conversation\u00a0is well underway. For a recent example, readers of this blog\u00a0should take a look at <a href=\"http:\/\/blog.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk\/2015\/12\/gene-editing-a-cbc-interview-of-margaret-somerville-and-julian-savulescu\/\">the transcript<\/a> of a fascinating debate between Margaret Somerville, a prominent Canadian ethicist, and Julian Savulescu, the Oxford philosopher and editor of the <em>Journal of Medical Ethics<\/em>. Moderated by Jim Brown of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, here is the first bit of their exchange:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Jim Brown:\u00a0<\/strong>Julian Savulescu, if I could begin with you. You argue that there is a moral imperative for us to pursue gene editing research. Briefly, why do you think it\u2019s so important for us to embrace this technology?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Julian Savulescu:<\/strong> Genetic engineering has been around for about 30 years, widely used in medical research, and also in agriculture, but gene editing is a new version of genetic engineering that is highly accurate, specific, and is able to modify genomes without causing side effects or damage. It\u2019s already been used to create malaria-fighting mosquitoes, drought-resistant wheat, and in other areas of agriculture. But what\u2019s currently being proposed is the genetic modification of human embryos, and this has caused widespread resistance. I think there\u2019s a moral obligation to do this kind of research in the following way. This could be used to create human embryos with very precise genetic modifications, to understand how we develop, why development goes wrong, why genetic disorders occur. It could also be used to create embryonic stem cells with precise changes that might make subsequent stem cells, cancer-fighting stem cells, or even stem cells that fight aging. It could also be used to create tissue with say, changes to understand the origins of Parkinson\u2019s disease or Alzheimer\u2019s disease and develop drugs for the treatment of those diseases. This is what I\u2019d call therapeutic gene editing, and because it stands to benefit millions of people who die every year of painful and debilitating conditions, we actually have a moral imperative to do it. What we ought to show more concern for and perhaps ban, is what might be called reproductive gene editing \u2013 editing embryos to create live-born babies that are free of genetic disease or perhaps more resistant to common, late-onset diseases or even enhanced in various ways. If we\u2019re concerned about those sorts of changes in society, we can ban reproductive gene editing, yet also engage in the very beneficial research using genetically modified human embryos to study disease.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Jim Brown: <\/strong>And Margaret Somerville, what concerns you about this technology?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Margaret Somerville:<\/strong> Well, I\u2019m interested in the division that Julian makes between the reproductive gene editing and what he calls the therapeutic gene editing. I\u2019m a little surprised that he might not agree with the reproductive gene editing \u2013 that is, you would alter the embryo\u2019s germline, so that it wouldn\u2019t be only altered for that embryo, but all the descendants of that embryo would be changed in the same way. And up until \u2013 actually, up until this year, there was almost universal agreement, including in some important international documents, that that was wrong, that was ethically wrong, it was a line that we must never step across, that humans have a right to come into existence with their own unique genetic heritage and other humans have no right to alter them, to design them. Julian uses the term genetic engineering \u2013 to make them, to manufacture them. Where we would disagree completely is with the setting up of what can be called human embryo manufacturing plants, that is, you would create human embryos in order to use them to make products that would benefit other people, you would use them for experimentation, for research. And Julian\u2019s right, we could do a great deal of good doing that \u2013 but there\u2019s a huge danger in looking only at the good that we do. And what we\u2019re doing there is we\u2019re using human life as a product. We\u2019re transmitting human life with the intention of killing it by using it as a product, and I\u00a0believe\u00a0that\u2019s wrong. I think that human embryos have moral status that deserves respect, which means they shouldn\u2019t be treated just as products.<\/p>\n<p>The full transcript can be accessed at the following link, courtesy of the <em>Practical Ethics<\/em> <em>Blog<\/em>:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/blog.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk\/2015\/12\/gene-editing-a-cbc-interview-of-margaret-somerville-and-julian-savulescu\/\">http:\/\/blog.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk\/2015\/12\/gene-editing-a-cbc-interview-of-margaret-somerville-and-julian-savulescu\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Authors who would like to submit work to the <em>Journal of Medical Ethics <\/em>on the ethics of gene editing research should consult the <a href=\"http:\/\/jme.bmj.com\/site\/about\/guidelines.xhtml\">Instructions for Authors Page<\/a>. Papers can be submitted <a href=\"https:\/\/mc.manuscriptcentral.com\/medethics\">here<\/a>. Please note that the <em>Journal of Medical Ethics<\/em> remains the top-ranked journal in bioethics for 2015 according to <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.co.uk\/citations?view_op=top_venues&amp;hl=en&amp;vq=soc_bioethics\">Google Scholar Metrics<\/a>, with an impact factor of 1.511 and an h5-index of 28.<!--TrendMD v2.4.8--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A moral imperative to pursue gene editing research? The bioethicist Erik Parens has recently asked whether parents can be trusted with gene-editing technology, in a thought-provoking essay published in Aeon magazine. To set the stage, he writes that: \u201cIn April 2015, in the pages of Science, a group of prominent scientists and ethicists announced the [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/medical-ethics\/2015\/12\/10\/a-moral-imperative-to-pursue-gene-editing-research\/\">Read More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7933],"tags":[395,7962,137,7961,7925,7963,7942],"class_list":["post-2974","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-brian-earps-posts","tag-bioethics","tag-crispr","tag-ethics","tag-gene-editing","tag-journal-of-medical-ethics","tag-julian-savulescu","tag-research-ethics"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>A Moral Imperative to Pursue Gene Editing Research? - Journal of Medical Ethics blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/medical-ethics\/2015\/12\/10\/a-moral-imperative-to-pursue-gene-editing-research\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A Moral Imperative to Pursue Gene Editing Research? - Journal of Medical Ethics blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A moral imperative to pursue gene editing research? The bioethicist Erik Parens has recently asked whether parents can be trusted with gene-editing technology, in a thought-provoking essay published in Aeon magazine. 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