{"id":1678,"date":"2012-03-28T10:09:14","date_gmt":"2012-03-28T09:09:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/medical-ethics\/?p=1678"},"modified":"2012-03-30T20:06:55","modified_gmt":"2012-03-30T19:06:55","slug":"a-small-solution-for-a-big-problem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/medical-ethics\/2012\/03\/28\/a-small-solution-for-a-big-problem\/","title":{"rendered":"A Small Solution for a Big Problem?"},"content":{"rendered":"

BioNews asked me to write something about Matthew Liao, Anders Sandberg and Rebacca Roache’s paper on engineering humanity to minimise global warming<\/a>. \u00a0I’d been meaning to for a while, so this was the prod I needed. \u00a0Anyway: my take on their paper is here<\/a>; but I thought I’d also reproduce it on this blog. \u00a0What follows is the version I submitted; it’s substantially the same, save for a few tweaks that BioNews made to conform with their house style. \u00a0(They didn’t like the Latin…) \u00a0I am massively grateful to the student who made the point about small people taking more steps to get anywhere. \u00a0I’d also like to think that the idea of making people smaller led me to Lilliput, thence to Gulliver<\/em>, thence to the voyage to Laputa. \u00a0It didn’t. \u00a0I’m not that clever. \u00a0Laputa made its appearance quite unbidden. \u00a0But – hey, it works.<\/p>\n

\u00a0* \u00a0 \u00a0 * \u00a0 \u00a0 * \u00a0 \u00a0 * \u00a0 \u00a0 *<\/p>\n

There\u2019s a part of Gulliver\u2019s Travels<\/em> where Gulliver visits the grand Academy at Lagado, wherein one of the academicians is trying to derive sunbeams from cucumbers.\u00a0 It\u2019s tempting to wonder at first glance whether there\u2019s something of the Academy to Liao, Sandberg and Roache\u2019s proposed strategy for combating climate change: that we could engineer humanity to be less of a drain on the environment.\u00a0 Their paper, \u201cHuman Engineering and Climate Change\u201d (forthcoming in Ethics, Policy and the Environment<\/em>, with a pre-publication version here<\/a>), has already attracted a reasonable amount of media interest, and it\u2019s not hard to see why.\u00a0 The headline proposal is that we could engineer people to be smaller, on the grounds that smaller people require less food and fuel: a population that is smaller on the whole would have less environmental impact.\u00a0 (A small part of this \u2013 and I\u2019m genuinely fond of this idea \u2013 is that heavier people wear out shoes and carpets more quickly, so are more resource-hungry.\u00a0 On the other hand, as one of my students has pointed out, short people take more steps to get across the room; the carpet might actually suffer more.\u00a0 Moreover, a small person has a greater surface-to-volume ratio, and so would lose heat more quickly, possibly requiring more central heating and more food.)<\/p>\n

Other ideas that they consider range from the notion that we could use biotechnology to make people more predisposed to socially solidaristic behaviour \u2013 they would then be more likely to adopt the interests of others, and future generations, as their own, and so be more likely to avoid behaviours believed to contribute to environmental catastrophe \u2013 to the possibility that we might introduce a mild intolerance of red meat into the population.\u00a0 This would help combat climate change because a carnivorous diet is massively environmentally damaging: woodland is a carbon sink, and so felling it to make way for grazing releases CO\u00ad2<\/sub> into the atmosphere and, at the same time, reduces the rate at which its scrubbed out.\u00a0 Moreover \u2013 and there\u2019s no delicate way to put this \u2013 cows fart.\u00a0 Methane is itself a greenhouse gas, and it degrades to produce CO\u00ad2<\/sub> and water vapour, themselves potent greenhouse gasses.\u00a0 Making people less likely to eat meat would remove demand; this would mean fewer cattle farms (if any); and this would only be a good thing environmentally.<\/p>\n

While its easy enough to laugh at some of the suggestions, they do belie a serious point: climate change is a problem, and we don\u2019t have a solution.\u00a0 Market fixes don\u2019t seem to do the trick; geo-engineering might, but it is risky, and at least forms might be very<\/em> risky.\u00a0 Human engineering might be risky as well; but if we\u2019re seriously considering about geo-engineering, then, pari passu<\/em>, we should probably be thinking about human engineering too.<\/p>\n

It might be objected that the engineered children of the future would be harmed by our tinkering; but this is not a given.\u00a0 For example, a reduction of 20cms in average height would not indicate a fall in average welfare.\u00a0 It\u2019s possible that being intolerant of red meat is a harmed state \u2013 the world\u2019s vegetarians could be carnivores if they wanted without becoming ill, whereas this possibility would not be open to the genetically intolerant; but the wrong of causing harm may be reduced if that harm is for good reason \u2013 and averting catastrophe might be a good reason.\u00a0 Besides: being born into the world of increased drought, famine and hurricane that global warming may give us is, by the same token, no less of a harmed state.<\/p>\n

Three cheers for the three authors\u2019 vision.\u00a0 Pondering outlandish possibilities might just lead to a solution to environmental problems.\u00a0 But I do have a couple of problems with the paper.\u00a0 One has to do with the claim that, though some may find engineering solutions unacceptable, this is not a reason not to make such solutions available at all.\u00a0 The problem with this is that it\u2019s not a question of availability, and nor should it be.\u00a0 To say that something is available is to say that people can take or leave it; but if climate change really is a problem of the magnitude that responsible experts think, then allowing people the option to leave it may be deeply irresponsible.\u00a0 If the problem really is that great, some mandate might be in order for the sake of everyone.\u00a0 (The paper\u2019s authors do not want to reduce liberty; but is liberty really sacrosanct?)\u00a0 Moreover, Liao et al<\/em> admit that \u2013 for example \u2013 the short might suffer certain sexual and career disadvantages in comparison to the tall.\u00a0 But if that\u2019s true, a parent-to-be who opted for a shorter child in a world where others do not take the option would be embarking on a course of action that would put that child at a disadvantage \u2013 and this might be out-and-out bad parenting.\u00a0 If everyone<\/em> opts for shorter children, the disadvantage would vanish \u2013 but now we\u2019re back to mandates.<\/p>\n

Most importantly, technological solutions mightn\u2019t be the best fix for environmental problems anyway.\u00a0 Environmental degradation is a problem about external costs: it reflects the fact that the market price we pay for goods does not reflect their \u201ctrue\u201d cost.\u00a0 The market pays no heed to cow-farts.\u00a0 This is why market solutions to climate change are doomed to struggle.\u00a0 But there is a way around this, and it\u2019s to abandon or radically rework the market, so that the price to the consumer accurately reflects the external costs of a good.\u00a0 This would be a radical move; and making a non-market economy efficient and wealthy would be a difficult task.<\/p>\n

But engineering our kids to eat less beef is hardly a doddle, is it?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

BioNews asked me to write something about Matthew Liao, Anders Sandberg and Rebacca Roache’s paper on engineering humanity to minimise global warming. \u00a0I’d been meaning to for a while, so this was the prod I needed. \u00a0Anyway: my take on their paper is here; but I thought I’d also reproduce it on this blog. \u00a0What […]<\/p>\n

Read More…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1240,963,1542,511,328,577,1266,472],"tags":[1856],"class_list":["post-1678","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blogosphere","category-curios","category-in-the-journals","category-in-the-news","category-philosophy","category-resource","category-shameless-self-publicity","category-thinking-aloud","tag-enhancement"],"yoast_head":"\nA Small Solution for a Big Problem? - Journal of Medical Ethics blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/medical-ethics\/2012\/03\/28\/a-small-solution-for-a-big-problem\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A Small Solution for a Big Problem? 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