{"id":1093,"date":"2017-01-22T20:00:54","date_gmt":"2017-01-22T20:00:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/ebn\/?p=1093"},"modified":"2017-01-19T19:53:28","modified_gmt":"2017-01-19T19:53:28","slug":"turning-japanese-the-global-inequalities-of-ageing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/ebn\/2017\/01\/22\/turning-japanese-the-global-inequalities-of-ageing\/","title":{"rendered":"Turning Japanese – the global inequalities of ageing"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dr Fiona McGowan, <\/strong>School of Health Care Studies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Eyssoniusplein Netherlands f.e.mcgowan@pl.hanze.nl<\/p>\n

We are all very much aware of how societies are ageing and this \u2018demographic transition \u2018 is widely recognised as a global phenomenon. How this shift in population composition impacts health and illness is not so conclusive. While trends have emerged indicating the rise in non-communicable diseases such as heart disease, cancer and diabetes, global patterns of health problems also reflect disparities between and within countries. Different \u2018 peoples\u2019 experience ageing in different ways and these are not equal.<\/p>\n

WHO (World Health Report 2013) showed that health inequalities remain ingrained globally and reflect disparities marked by sex, age, socio economic status, education, place and other more specific factors including migrant status, race, ethnicity and religion. Mortality data shows that in high-income countries, 7 in every 10 deaths are among people aged 70 years and older. People predominantly die of chronic diseases. Only 1 in every 100 deaths is among children under 15 years. In low-income countries, nearly 4 in every 10 deaths are among children under 15 years, and only 2 in every 10 deaths are among people aged 70 years and older. People predominantly die of infectious diseases and complications of childbirth. (World Health Statistics 2015).\u00a0These facts illustrate the contrast between what an ageing society looks like in a developed, high-income country and in a low income, developing country (a further example being expected years of retirement which is 24 years in France but only 9 years in Mexico \u2013 both countries have retirement age at 65) This also highlights how our knowledge and understanding of ageing societies has been shaped by inequality. The focus remains on how westernised societies experience ageing. The social constructionist approach to ageing largely applies to societies in which people are living longer and sufficiently long enough to experience what Laslett (1996) has defined as a \u2018Third Age\u2019. A period p\"\"ost retirement, conceptualised as \u2018the crown of life\u2019, a time of self- fulfilment and achievement(Jones et al. 2008).<\/p>\n

More recent theorising in the field of social gerontology, categorises the third age and later life as a \u2018new cultural and social field\u2019 particular to Westernised consumer society marked by sustaining a youthful appearance, and a \u2018performing fit, healthy and sexualised lifestyle\u2019 is maintained (Gilleard & Higgs, 2005). While this presents a more positive approach to ageing \u2013 in contrast to dependency and disengagement theories – again the focus is\u00a0on a specific demographic cohort and this \u2018generational field\u2019 is not globally situated. Whether a \u2018later life\u2019 is experienced mirrors the acc\"\"umulative process of ageing and the extent to which illness and disability are suffered.\u00a0While the worldwide \u2018epidemiologic shift\u2019 that has accompanied socioeconomic development is reflected in both individual and population health, inequality remains as a powerful determining force. Global health then is dependent on the global context \u2013 environmental, economic, political and social. How a society ages is similarly shaped. As Michael Marmot writes in The Health Gap, \u201c Societies have cultures, values and economic arrangements that set the context through the life course that influence health\u201d (2015, p259). This is clearly supported by Life expectancy indicators (OECD 2016) which show, for example, Nigeria – 54.5 years, Japan – 83 years.<\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gilleard, C. & Higgs, P. ( 2005) Contexts of Ageing: Class, Cohort and Community. Polity Press. Cambridge.<\/p>\n

Jones, I. , Hyde, M. , Victor, C., Wiggins, R. , Gilleard, C. and Higgs, P (2008) Ageing in a Consumer Society: From passive to active consumption in Britain. The Policy Press. Bristol.<\/p>\n

Laslett, P. (1996) A Fresh Map of Life: The Emergence of the Third Age ( 2nd<\/sup> ed). Palgrave MacMillan.<\/p>\n

Marmot, M. (2015) The Health Gap: The Challenge of an Unequal World. Bloomsbury. London.<\/p>\n

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2016) OECD Data: Life Expectancy at Birth. https:\/\/data.oecd.org\/healthstat\/life-expectancy-at-birth.htm<\/a> Accessed 2nd July 2016.<\/p>\n

World Health Organisation (WHO) National Institute on Aging (2011) Global Health and Aging. http:\/\/www.who.int\/ageing\/publications\/global_health.pdf?ua=1<\/a> Accessed 1st<\/sup> July 2016.<\/p>\n

World Health Organisation (WHO) World Health Report 2013. Research for universal health coverage. http:\/\/www.who.int\/whr\/en\/<\/a> Accessed 2nd<\/sup> July 2016.<\/p>\n

World Health Organisation (WHO) (2015) Global Health Observatory (GHO) Data<\/p>\n

World Health Statisitics 2015. http:\/\/www.who.int\/gho\/publications\/world_health_statistics\/2015\/en\/<\/a> Accessed 1st<\/sup> July 2016.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dr Fiona McGowan, School of Health Care Studies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Eyssoniusplein Netherlands f.e.mcgowan@pl.hanze.nl We are all very much aware of how societies are ageing and this \u2018demographic transition \u2018 is widely recognised as a global phenomenon. How this shift in population composition impacts health and illness is not so conclusive. While trends […]<\/p>\n

Read More…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":177,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[290],"tags":[3669,3665],"class_list":["post-1093","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-older-people","tag-care-of-the-older-person","tag-nursing-issues"],"yoast_head":"\nTurning Japanese - the global inequalities of ageing - Evidence-Based Nursing blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/ebn\/2017\/01\/22\/turning-japanese-the-global-inequalities-of-ageing\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Turning Japanese - the global inequalities of ageing - Evidence-Based Nursing blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dr Fiona McGowan, School of Health Care Studies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Eyssoniusplein Netherlands f.e.mcgowan@pl.hanze.nl We are all very much aware of how societies are ageing and this \u2018demographic transition \u2018 is widely recognised as a global phenomenon. 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