{"id":2429,"date":"2025-01-02T09:51:16","date_gmt":"2025-01-02T09:51:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmjsrh\/?p=2429"},"modified":"2025-01-09T09:50:40","modified_gmt":"2025-01-09T09:50:40","slug":"sleepraping-are-men-in-the-habit-of-raping-women","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmjsrh\/2025\/01\/02\/sleepraping-are-men-in-the-habit-of-raping-women\/","title":{"rendered":"Sleepraping or: are men in the habit of raping women?"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Ezio Di Nucci<\/em><\/p>\n

Just as the patriarchy always finds novel (and often <\/span>surprising<\/span><\/a>) ways of oppressing women, men appear to have the uncanny ability to continue to find new ways of raping them.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

S<\/span>leepraping<\/span><\/i> or, as it is sometimes called – but shouldn\u2019t be – <\/span>sexsomnia<\/span><\/i><\/a> is men using a <\/span>sleepwalking defense in rape cases<\/span><\/a>. If you are thinking \u2013 and I for one very much hope you are not \u2013 what does this have to do with <\/span>SRH<\/span><\/a>? The answer is simple: <\/span>if obstetric violence belongs to SRH, sexual violence certainly does too<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

There probably aren\u2019t many philosophers out there who\u2019ve written about <\/span>sleepwalking and responsibility (ciao Filippo!)<\/span><\/a>, so I feel the burden of having to put this one away myself.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Let us start with the easy stuff: sleeping next to someone is, obviously, no permission to rape them. Nor is it an excuse or, indeed, a mitigating circumstance.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Next: neither is being given permission before the person falls asleep, because they might have changed their mind in the meantime. This one seems as obvious to me and, again, no excuse either \u2013 whether it should count as mitigating circumstances in court might be slightly more debatable, but I would think that falling asleep interrupts the validity of consent.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

What makes the above two cases \u201ceasy\u201d to deal with (only philosophically, <\/span>nota bene<\/span><\/i>), is that the perpetrator clearly meets the conditions for responsibility. However, the sleepwalking defense challenges the idea that the perpetrator knew what he was doing.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

As an aside, there is a good argument for the above cases being worse than \u201cnormal\u201d rape, namely that the victim being asleep makes the attack easier and resisting more difficult.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Because we are doing philosophy, here the following case is similarly uninteresting: a case in which the perpetrator \u2013 or their lawyer \u2013 falsely appeals to sleepwalking as a defense, namely the attacker was not sleepwalking but claims they were \u2013 or their lawyer does (which is possibly worse?). That\u2019s just lying on top of rape.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The only philosophically interesting case, then, is the one where a man rapes a woman while genuinely sleepwalking. And the philosophically interesting question is not just the one about that man\u2019s responsibility, but whether that counts as rape and why.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

I think it does qualify \u2013 and the reason is patriarchy. To see this, remember that classic case from Canada discussed in our already cited <\/span>paper<\/span><\/a>, which tells the story of Kenneth Parks, a Canadian man who was acquitted for the murder of his mother-in-law in 1987 on the grounds that he was sleepwalking during the act. The victim just happens to be the attacker\u2019s mother-in-law? Yes, I know. Seriously. If it weren\u2019t for \u2013 you guessed it \u2013 patriarchy, one could almost make a joke.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

No jokes though: the serious point is that it\u2019s maybe no coincidence that of all the people one could have stabbed while sleepwalking, the victim is one\u2019s own mother-in-law, more than 20km away.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

When it comes to sleepwalking and rape, that point translates to this: men are, under the patriarchy, in the <\/span>habit<\/span><\/i> of raping women. Therefore, it is no surprise that they would do it, literally, <\/span>in their sleep<\/span><\/i>. It just testifies to how deeply entrenched patriarchal structures are, inside and out.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

That these habits continue to all too often go unchallenged is not just what props up patriarchy, it is also what makes sleepwalking rape a genuine case of rape. After all, doing something out of habit gives you more agency and ownership, not less \u2013 so no excuses either. In Aristotelian language, what you do out of habit comes <\/span>naturally<\/span><\/i> to you (second nature).<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Let us conclude this short rant of an argument by dealing with an objection, namely that being <\/span>too conceptually inclusive is itself problematic<\/span><\/a>. And that in the case of rape this is particularly dangerous because rapes are already so difficult to persecute and convict. So that an exclusive concept of rape is methodologically important \u2013 both for philosophy and for the law.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

That\u2019s the kind of argument you could have against so-called cyber-rape, for example. But, first, sleepraping is in a sense the opposite of cyber-rape, where the <\/span>mens rea<\/span><\/i> (intent, basically) criteria is unchallenged but the action is more disputed. While here the action is as old as patriarchy itself, while mens rea is a bit more complex.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

That\u2019s the less important response though: the more important point is that introducing the concept of sleepraping doesn\u2019t mean <\/span>being inclusive about the concept of rape<\/span><\/a>, for the very reason that doing something out of habit gives you more \u2013 rather than less \u2013 agency, by expressing your true \u2013 unfiltered \u2013 nature.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

By the way, our argument goes through even on a weaker version of the claim, according to which habitual actions don\u2019t result in diminished responsibility; even though our point here is a conceptual one about what counts as rape rather than a normative claim about responsibility for particular instances. So, it\u2019s rape, \u201cjust\u201d rape.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

About the Author<\/p>\n

Ezio Di Nucci is a philosophy professor at the University of Copenhagen.<\/p>\n

Competing interests: None declared<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Ezio Di Nucci Just as the patriarchy always finds novel (and often surprising) ways of oppressing women, men appear to have the uncanny ability to continue to find new ways of raping them.\u00a0\u00a0 Sleepraping or, as it is sometimes called – but shouldn\u2019t be – sexsomnia is men using a sleepwalking defense in rape […]<\/p>\n

Read More…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":472,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[599],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2429","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-screening"],"yoast_head":"\nSleepraping or: are men in the habit of raping women? - BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmjsrh\/2025\/01\/02\/sleepraping-are-men-in-the-habit-of-raping-women\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Sleepraping or: are men in the habit of raping women? - BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By Ezio Di Nucci Just as the patriarchy always finds novel (and often surprising) ways of oppressing women, men appear to have the uncanny ability to continue to find new ways of raping them.\u00a0\u00a0 Sleepraping or, as it is sometimes called – but shouldn\u2019t be – sexsomnia is men using a sleepwalking defense in rape [...]Read More...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmjsrh\/2025\/01\/02\/sleepraping-are-men-in-the-habit-of-raping-women\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-01-02T09:51:16+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-01-09T09:50:40+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Anna Harvey Bluemel\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@cashitey\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Anna Harvey Bluemel\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bmjsrh\\\/2025\\\/01\\\/02\\\/sleepraping-are-men-in-the-habit-of-raping-women\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bmjsrh\\\/2025\\\/01\\\/02\\\/sleepraping-are-men-in-the-habit-of-raping-women\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Anna Harvey Bluemel\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bmjsrh\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/2a25320ca5702c26ac023af36feac11d\"},\"headline\":\"Sleepraping or: are men in the habit of raping women?\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-01-02T09:51:16+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-01-09T09:50:40+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bmjsrh\\\/2025\\\/01\\\/02\\\/sleepraping-are-men-in-the-habit-of-raping-women\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":864,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bmjsrh\\\/#organization\"},\"articleSection\":[\"screening\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bmjsrh\\\/2025\\\/01\\\/02\\\/sleepraping-are-men-in-the-habit-of-raping-women\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bmjsrh\\\/2025\\\/01\\\/02\\\/sleepraping-are-men-in-the-habit-of-raping-women\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bmjsrh\\\/2025\\\/01\\\/02\\\/sleepraping-are-men-in-the-habit-of-raping-women\\\/\",\"name\":\"Sleepraping or: are men in the habit of raping women? 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