{"id":2413,"date":"2024-06-02T07:36:03","date_gmt":"2024-06-02T07:36:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmjsrh\/?p=2413"},"modified":"2024-06-11T07:04:44","modified_gmt":"2024-06-11T07:04:44","slug":"defending-the-use-of-the-term-obstetric-violence","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmjsrh\/2024\/06\/02\/defending-the-use-of-the-term-obstetric-violence\/","title":{"rendered":"Defending the use of the term \u2018obstetric violence\u2019"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right\"><em>By Ezio Di Nucci<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Here I defend \u2019obstetric violence\u2019: not the practice, but its name \u2013 and more generally the idea that some obstetric practices deserve to be called acts of violence, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ajog.org\/article\/S0002-9378(23)00732-9\/fulltext\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">contrary to what has recently been argued<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This question is relevant beyond <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmjsrh\/2024\/02\/08\/should-we-abolish-srh\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">sexual and reproductive health<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">: what is at stake is the very idea of assigning the term \u201cviolence\u201d beyond traditional violent practices such as, for example, rape, homicide, assault and terrorism (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31376025\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">we can debate whether rape is a <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">sexual<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\"> practice, but there can be no debate on whether it qualifies as violence<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><i>Inclusive vs exclusive use of the term \u201cviolence\u201d<\/i>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Should we be inclusive about violence, or exclusive? Let us be conceptually clear: being inclusive about violence here means not being too strict about what kinds of practices we call violence; while being exclusive about violence is the opposite, namely being picky about what we \u2018reserve\u2019 the label violence for. Inclusion is good, right? Both in general and when it comes to the concept of violence.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The question here is not just whether being refused epidural should count as violence; whether <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/medical-ethics\/2024\/02\/23\/trumping-rights\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">a paternalistic C-section qualifies<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">;<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> or being gaslighted, ignored, or condescended while pregnant or during delivery.<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">Those are clear wrongs, but are these <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">also<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> instances of violence?<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> What happens when we use \u2013 or misuse &#8211; the \u2018violence\u2019 label?<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">One simple exclusivist solution would be to stipulate that violence must be physical: but that is not as easy as it looks, because according to what metaphysical standard is verbal abuse not physical? It\u2019s a speech act with physical consequences, so what is exactly the difference? A slightly more difficult case, for the idea that violence must be physical, is not believing a patient, because that might have physical consequences but not be itself an act. But again, why assume violence must be physical in the first place? <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Another simplistic approach is to think that exclusivists about violence believe that the practices that don\u2019t deserve that label aren\u2019t as bad as inclusivists make them out to be: maybe, say, your wish for a vaginal delivery not being fulfilled isn\u2019t as bad as, I don\u2019t know, being mugged?\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">But, first of all, are you so sure about that? Isn\u2019t giving birth more meaningful than your iPhone? And who gets to make that assessment? One obvious inclusivist move is self-ascription, namely that it is only the victim who can decide. Is that going too far? Could letting subjects of experience define the conceptual space mean there is no conceptual space left in the end? That is a particularly difficult question when that conceptual space happens to have normative urgency, like with obstetric violence.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Even if one agreed that being assaulted was worse than being refused a vaginal delivery, that does not settle the question of obstetric violence, because maybe being refused an epidural is worse than assault \u2013 and being refused an abortion definitely is anyway, because the consequences of the assault in question must be pretty severe to begin to compare with nine months of unwanted pregnancy or a lifetime of (biological) parenthood.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Finally, the debate between exclusivists and inclusivists about violence \u2013 even the one within obstetrics \u2013 is not settled by whether obstetric practices are more or less problematic than more traditional non-obstetric practices like assault, because it could very well be that both deserve the \u2018violence\u2019 label.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><i>Further considerations for naming obstetric violence\u00a0<\/i>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Calling obstetric violence by its name, then, is a simple and effective way of emphasizing the harm \u2013 and stakes \u2013 in question. Three final points here:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><i>Could the obstetric violence label reproduce patriarchal prejudices?<\/i>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The first point is a reminder, even to inclusivists, that we should be careful not to overplay the intimacy of the obstetric domain, because that might replicate oppressive patriarchal pressures and expectations on women to mother: here the idea is not just that gestation and delivery should not be overstated in their importance or indeed supposed intimate character, but also that sexual health should not be reduced down to reproductive health, so that the obstetric domain might be particularly sensitive for sexual rather than reproductive reasons. This means that, first, we must not assume that women care more about obstetric issues than about other health concerns and, second, that even if that were true, the reason might be sexual and not reproductive.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259,&quot;335559991&quot;:360}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><i>Beyond obstetric violence, what should we do with inclusivism?<\/i>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259,&quot;335559991&quot;:360}\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Secondly, does a defense of inclusivism for the case of obstetric violence have any repercussions for more general inclusivism about violence? Are there domains where it is indeed fair to worry that the label violence is overstating the harm in question? To mention a standard example: is disputing the gender identity of a person a form of violence? And if so, what kind of violence is that? Surely disagreeing with someone is not a form of violence, but are there disagreements so fundamental as to challenge that?<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259,&quot;335559991&quot;:360}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><i>Could inclusivism mask an even bigger problem?\u00a0<\/i>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259,&quot;335559991&quot;:360}\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Zizek\u2019s trichotomy of violence (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/IEKVSS\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">subjective, objective, and systemic violence)<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> reminds us that inclusivism might leave something important out: namely that the less graphic forms of violence (socio-economic oppression, for example), where we might genuinely be tempted to be exclusivists, are actually morally (and politically) worse than the less subtle forms of violence.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>About the Author<\/p>\n<p>Ezio Di Nucci is a philosophy professor at the University of Copenhagen.<\/p>\n<p>Competing interests: None declared<\/p>\n<p><em>Many thanks to Andrea Bidoli for very helpful comments on an earlier draft.<\/em><!--TrendMD v2.4.8--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Ezio Di Nucci Here I defend \u2019obstetric violence\u2019: not the practice, but its name \u2013 and more generally the idea that some obstetric practices deserve to be called acts of violence, contrary to what has recently been argued.\u00a0\u00a0 This question is relevant beyond sexual and reproductive health: what is at stake is the very [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmjsrh\/2024\/06\/02\/defending-the-use-of-the-term-obstetric-violence\/\">Read More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":472,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[599],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2413","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-screening"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Defending the use of the term \u2018obstetric violence\u2019 - BMJ Sexual &amp; 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