{"id":39657,"date":"2020-07-09T11:09:30","date_gmt":"2020-07-09T11:09:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmjgh\/?p=39657"},"modified":"2020-07-09T11:21:55","modified_gmt":"2020-07-09T11:21:55","slug":"economic-warfare-is-fuelling-a-pandemic-us-sanctions-to-iran-during-covid-19","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmjgh\/2020\/07\/09\/economic-warfare-is-fuelling-a-pandemic-us-sanctions-to-iran-during-covid-19\/","title":{"rendered":"Economic Warfare is Fuelling a Pandemic: US Sanctions to Iran during COVID-19"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

In March 2020, to the dismay of the public health community, the US government imposed a series of fresh economic sanctions on entities trading with Iran.<\/a> This\u00a0is\u00a0only\u00a0six\u00a0days after the World Health Organization (WHO)\u00a0declared the outbreak\u00a0\u201ca global pandemic\u201d<\/a>.<\/p>\n

While\u00a0sanctions\u00a0can\u00a0have negative effects on population health in times of relative stability,\u00a0they\u00a0pose a serious threat to global health security during an infectious disease outbreak<\/a>.\u00a0 Iran\u2019s health system, weakened by multiple sanctions over the years and restricted access to vital aid, presents a threat to the global community by impeding its ability to manage COVID-19 locally. \u00a0Despite pleas from Iran and other nations, the US has not committed to effective sanctions relief during this crisis but instead has expanded them<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Since the US government\u2019s controversial withdrawal from the\u00a0Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) – an agreement towards lifting the Iranian nuclear programme –\u00a0in\u00a0May\u00a02018, sanctions that restrict Iran\u2019s banking and financial capacity have been\u00a0reimposed<\/a> to “to prevent Iran from ever developing a nuclear weapon\u201d. Countries that have maintained trade relations\u00a0with Iran have been threatened with similar restrictions. While the US has officially built exemptions into its sanction\u2019s mechanisms for humanitarian imports, for example, in medicines and hospital equipment, over the years, the escalating banking restrictions and lack of access to financial institutions have directly and indirectly hurt Iran\u2019s health system and subsequently its health outcomes<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The exclusion of Iran from international banking structures has resulted in enormous trade limitations. The consequent high rates of inflation, restricted access to foreign reserves and currency devaluation have resulted in increased living costs and unemployment, which has caused a hike in drug prices and treatment costs, reducing adherence to treatment and preventable morbidities. Service coverage by health insurance companies has also been limited.\u00a0\u00a0The inability to import key raw materials and finished goods has led to supply chain backlogs and severe drug shortages<\/a>; 44% of drugs that are classified as essential medicines by WHO were in short supply in 2016.<\/p>\n

As a result,\u00a0Iran\u00a0is currently confronted by two\u00a0concurrent\u00a0threats: a public health\u00a0crisis\u00a0that is\u00a0rapidly\u00a0deteriorating\u00a0and the fall out of\u00a0longstanding economic\u00a0sanctions\u00a0from the US and other countries<\/a>.\u00a0As of\u00a022nd June 2020,\u00a0Iran had\u00a0confirmed nearly 204,952 COVID-19 cases and\u00a09,623\u00a0deaths<\/a>:\u00a0globally, one of the highest counts. The WHO warned that these numbers are likely an underrepresentation viii.\u00a0While not unique to Iran, a\u00a0shortage of beds, ventilators\u00a0and\u00a0personal protective equipment (PPE),\u00a0compromised surveillance capacity,\u00a0information restrictions, diagnostic kit import challenges\u00a0and overall a\u00a0sicker population have resulted in high hospitalisation and fatality rates<\/a>. This exposes\u00a0a tension between supranational politics and global health.\u00a0As Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General of WHO reminded us recently, \u201cthis virus knows no borders, and we [the world] are only as strong as [its] weakest health system<\/a>“.\u00a0 A failure to control and mitigate the epidemic\u00a0has already resulted in\u00a0a number of preventable deaths,\u00a0the amplification of the disease\u00a0and the formation of\u00a0outbreak\u00a0hotspots in countries bordering\u00a0or with warm ties to\u00a0Iran<\/a>.\u00a0Moreover, if transmissions are not further\u00a0controlled,\u00a0it will be impossible to\u00a0eradicate\u00a0COVID-19\u00a0regionally and\u00a0thus globally.<\/p>\n

During the outbreak, attempts to mitigate the effects of sanctions have mostly failed, with only a few success stories through the recently established Swiss Humanitarian Trade Agreement (SHTA) and the Instrument in Support of Trade Exchanges (INSTEX). These are trading mechanisms for goods delivered to Iran. In February 2020, the Trump administration announced a sanctions waiver to allow humanitarian aid transactions to Iran via the Swiss channel<\/a>. \u00a0<\/sup>\u00a0Although, countries have since been able to provide some humanitarian goods using this channel, this hasn\u2019t been without delay and the Iranian government insists that it does not match the urgent needs of the country during the pandemic. \u00a0On March 31st<\/sup> the first export of humanitarian aid from Europe was confirmed through the INSTEX mechanism<\/a>. France, Germany and the United Kingdom were the countries behind this transaction and managed to do it without violating any of the current sanctions. Additionally, Iran has made an unprecedented request to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for an emergency loan through a \u201crapid financial instrument\u201d.\u00a0The US has unsurprisingly signalled that it would vote to block any loans to Iran<\/a>.<\/sup><\/p>\n

These examples demonstrate that joint international pressure must be exerted on the US and other governments so that effective mechanisms for banking and financial sanctions relief are implemented during an outbreak. It is also essential that the global community develops tools to allow these sanctions relieving mechanisms and financial instruments to be triggered much earlier. As the world is learning in real-time, delays even by a few days in managing an outbreak such as COVID-19 can have serious consequences on the number of cases and can cause undue pressure on health systems. Now more than ever, Iran, which is thought to be experiencing a second wave and other countries under sanctions, like Venezuela, North Korea and Syria must be able to trade with the international community through their banking systems and potential transnational partners should be reassured that they won’t be penalised.<\/p>\n

We are aware that the removal of these sanctions will not completely relieve these countries of all its health systems challenges or indeed completely transform its COVID-19 health outcomes. The Iranian government has been accused of mismanaging national finances in the past, and a lack of transparency and a slow initial response to the COVID-19 outbreak<\/a> will also have contributed to these poor outcomes. Nevertheless, evidence shows that lifting sanctions improved the Iranian economy and health system<\/a> briefly from 2015-2018 when the JCPOA was in place. This demonstrates that sanctions are a key determinant of national and global health.<\/p>\n

While the\u00a0COVID-19\u00a0pandemic has\u00a0reminded us of\u00a0the interconnectedness of our globalised world, it has also\u00a0exposed that an accordingly global and\u00a0coordinated response\u00a0is lacking. Without\u00a0nimble and\u00a0effective mechanisms for \u201csanctions relief\u201d\u00a0in countries like Iran, global and national health, including the US\u2019s will be jeopardised.\u00a0\u00a0After\u00a0all, how\u00a0useful is\u00a0a\u00a0policy\u00a0designed to protect\u00a0the world\u00a0from\u00a0the proliferation of nuclear weapons, if it exposes us to a pandemic\u00a0for the foreseeable future?<\/p>\n

About the authors:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ines Hassan<\/strong> is a\u00a0postgraduate researcher at the Global Health Policy Unit and the Global Health Governance Programme, University of Edinburgh. Twitter: DrInesHassan1<\/p>\n

Mariana Soto Pacheco<\/strong> is a\u00a0postgraduate researcher at the Global Health Policy Unit and the Global Health Governance Programme, University of Edinburgh. Twitter: MarianaSotoPac1<\/p>\n

The views expressed are those of the authors alone and not necessarily those of their associated organisations.<\/em><\/p>\n

Competing Interests:<\/strong>\u00a0The authors declare no competing interests.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  In March 2020, to the dismay of the public health community, the US government imposed a series of fresh economic sanctions on entities trading with Iran. This\u00a0is\u00a0only\u00a0six\u00a0days after the World Health Organization (WHO)\u00a0declared the outbreak\u00a0\u201ca global pandemic\u201d. While\u00a0sanctions\u00a0can\u00a0have negative effects on population health in times of relative stability,\u00a0they\u00a0pose a serious threat to global health […]<\/p>\n

Read More…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":350,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[172,29,1],"tags":[260,230,261,54],"class_list":["post-39657","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-covid-19","category-international-development","category-uncategorized","tag-economic-warfare","tag-iran","tag-sanction","tag-usa"],"yoast_head":"\nEconomic Warfare is Fuelling a Pandemic: US Sanctions to Iran during COVID-19 - BMJ Global Health blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Without\u00a0nimble and\u00a0effective mechanisms for \u201csanctions relief\u201d\u00a0in countries like Iran, global and national health, including the US\u2019s will be jeopardised.\u00a0\u00a0\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmjgh\/2020\/07\/09\/economic-warfare-is-fuelling-a-pandemic-us-sanctions-to-iran-during-covid-19\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Economic Warfare is Fuelling a Pandemic: US Sanctions to Iran during COVID-19 - 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