{"id":1437,"date":"2017-10-19T07:15:33","date_gmt":"2017-10-19T07:15:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/?p=1437"},"modified":"2017-11-16T10:51:37","modified_gmt":"2017-11-16T10:51:37","slug":"is-this-the-end-of-monitoring-in-type-2-diabetes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/2017\/10\/19\/is-this-the-end-of-monitoring-in-type-2-diabetes\/","title":{"rendered":"Is it the end for type 2 diabetes monitoring?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>More intense monitoring makes no difference to outcomes in type 2 diabetes and costs a lot more, but not everyone agrees\u00a0on what should be done in practice.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Carl Heneghan, \u00a0Ben Goldacre<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Glucose self-monitoring with automated feedback messaging in type 2 diabetics not taking insulin makes no difference to patient outcomes and costs a lot more, but not everyone agrees its use should be curtailed. Glucose test prescribing also varies markedly in general practice suggesting substantial savings can be made. \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A recent <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/28600913\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">randomised trial, <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">done in 15 primary care practices, compared once-daily and once-daily self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) with automatic feedback messages to no monitoring at all. \u00a0At one year, there was no reported difference in glucose control (haemoglobin A1c levels) and health-related quality of life between all three groups. <\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5><b>So, what\u2019s new about this trial?<\/b><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A Cochrane review, including 12 trials, found that any effect of SMBG is small up to six months after starting and subsides after 12 months of monitoring. \u00a0In this review, there was also no evidence that testing affects patient satisfaction, general well-being or general health-related quality of life. In an economic analysis, total estimated costs in the first year of SMBG were 12 times more expensive than self-monitoring of urine glucose. Further evidence from an <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22371867\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">individual patient data meta-analysis<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> also found no clinically meaningful effect of SMBG in non-insulin type 2 diabetics.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This current trial adds to this evidence by showing that if you increase the intensity of feedback by using an automated, tailored messaging service accounting for blood glucose value, time of day, and relationship to food intake \u00a0&#8211; intended to educate and motivate patients &#8211; you still do not affect glycaemic control. <\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5><b>How does guidance for SMBG vary?<\/b><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2010, the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/20042772\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">American Diabetes Association <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">recommended SMBG as a guide to successful therapy; and <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ndei.org\/ADA-diabetes-management-guidelines-self-monitoring-blood-glucose-SMBG-insulin.aspx.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">still recommends SMBG<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: \u2018results may be useful for guiding treatment and\/or self-management for individuals using less frequent insulin injections or noninsulin therapies\u2019.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Diabetes UK, agree with the ADA approach: they <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/diabetes-resources-production.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\/diabetes-storage\/migration\/pdf\/SMBGType2%2520Final%2520April%25202017.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">argue that SMBG should be available<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> based on the individual assessment of need, and that withdrawal in those that benefit, should not occur. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">NICE (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng28\/chapter\/1-Recommendations\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">NG28 &#8211; recommendation 1.6.13<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">), however, recommends SMBG should not be routinely offered to adults with type 2 diabetes unless the patients are on insulin, is pregnant or is at risk of hypoglycaemic episodes. \u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sign.ac.uk\/sign-116-management-of-diabetes.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">SIGN <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">also do not recommend it use [6]<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5><b>How does SMBG vary in practice?<\/b><\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/openprescribing.net\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">OpenPrescribing<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is an interactive web tool that allows you to assess prescribing trends for prescription items in the UK (including Glucose Blood Testing Reagents; BNF code 0601060D0) across all GP practices in NHS England, and also to examine the prescribing data of individual GP practices.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1438\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1438\" style=\"width: 317px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/files\/2017\/10\/Picture1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1438 \" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/files\/2017\/10\/Picture1-300x203.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"317\" height=\"214\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1438\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The data across the whole country shows that monthly <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/openprescribing.net\/chemical\/0601060D0\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">average prescribing for testing reagents<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> has <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">har<\/span>dly changed since 2010 (see the Figure 1), with spending approximately stable at \u00a314 million a month.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This lack of change could be due to the stable population of insulin-treated diabetics being monitored appropriately. However, assessment of the<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/openprescribing.net\/analyse\/#org=CCG&amp;numIds=0601060D0&amp;denomIds=6.1.1&amp;selectedTab=summary\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> spend on Glucose Blood Testing Reagents versus Insulin by all CCGs<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> reveals a two-fold variation in prescribing. The bottom CCG, NHS Newham, prescribes 723 testing reagents for every 1000 items of insulin, compared to NHS Bradford City, who prescribe 1,315 test items for every 1000 insulin prescriptions &#8211; spending about twice as much on testing \u00a3763 vs \u00a3349 for every \u00a31,000 spent on insulin (see the Figure 2). <\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5><b>What should we conclude about SMBG?<\/b><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This new trial shows that the addition of more intense monitoring, through automated feedback makes no difference to type 2 diabetics not on insulin, adding to the overall lack of effect of SMBG. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Health systems should optimise those treatments shown to be effective and disinvest in those interventions with evidence that shows no difference to patient care. Openly accessible sources of real-world data, such as <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/openprescribing.net\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">OpenPrescribing<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, can be used to assess whether clinicians are changing their behaviour in response to new evidence, and identify where there is regional variation in the quality and cost-effectiveness of care. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Figure 2.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/files\/2017\/10\/Picture2.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1439\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/files\/2017\/10\/Picture2-300x206.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"312\" height=\"214\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/files\/2017\/10\/Picture2-300x206.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/files\/2017\/10\/Picture2-768x528.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/files\/2017\/10\/Picture2.png 885w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 312px) 100vw, 312px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/files\/2017\/10\/Picture3.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1440 \" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/files\/2017\/10\/Picture3-300x203.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"313\" height=\"212\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/files\/2017\/10\/Picture3-300x203.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/files\/2017\/10\/Picture3-768x521.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/files\/2017\/10\/Picture3.png 886w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 313px) 100vw, 313px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/files\/2017\/06\/Carl-Heneghan.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1324\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/files\/2017\/06\/Carl-Heneghan.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"99\" height=\"96\" \/><\/a>Carl Heneghan,\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Editor in Chief of BMJ EBM, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.phc.ox.ac.uk\/team\/researchers\/carl-heneghan\">Professor of EBM,\u00a0<\/a>University of Oxford,<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cebm.net\/\">\u00a0Director of CEBM<\/a> and <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/files\/2017\/10\/Ben_Goldacre_TAM_London_2009.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1442\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/files\/2017\/10\/Ben_Goldacre_TAM_London_2009-300x252.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"97\" height=\"82\" \/><\/a>Ben Goldacre is Director of the<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/ebmdatalab.net\/\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">EBM DataLab<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> at the University of Oxford<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><b>Competing interests<\/b><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">OpenPrescribing.net is part of the EBM DataLab, University of Oxford, 2017.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> BG and CH receive funding from the NIHR SPCR and the Health Foundation for OpenPrescribing.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><b>References <\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Glucose self-monitoring in non-insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes in primary care settings: A randomized trial. JAMA Internal Medicine 2017;177:920-929<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Self-monitoring of blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are not using insulin. \u00a0Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jan 18;1:CD005060.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<!--TrendMD v2.4.8--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; More intense monitoring makes no difference to outcomes in type 2 diabetes and costs a lot more, but not everyone agrees\u00a0on what should be done in practice. Carl Heneghan, \u00a0Ben Goldacre Glucose self-monitoring with automated feedback messaging in type 2 diabetics not taking insulin makes no difference to patient outcomes and costs a lot [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/2017\/10\/19\/is-this-the-end-of-monitoring-in-type-2-diabetes\/\">Read More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1444,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14374,14348,14376],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1437","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-carl-heneghan","category-diabetes","category-too-much-medicine"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Is it the end for type 2 diabetes monitoring? - BMJ EBM Spotlight<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/2017\/10\/19\/is-this-the-end-of-monitoring-in-type-2-diabetes\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Is it the end for type 2 diabetes monitoring? - BMJ EBM Spotlight\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"&nbsp; More intense monitoring makes no difference to outcomes in type 2 diabetes and costs a lot more, but not everyone agrees\u00a0on what should be done in practice. 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