{"id":51223,"date":"2021-10-29T16:13:36","date_gmt":"2021-10-29T15:13:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=51223"},"modified":"2021-10-29T16:13:36","modified_gmt":"2021-10-29T15:13:36","slug":"ann-robinsons-research-reviews-29-october-2021","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2021\/10\/29\/ann-robinsons-research-reviews-29-october-2021\/","title":{"rendered":"Ann Robinson\u2019s research reviews\u201429 October 2021"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>Non-alcoholic fatty livers: is drug treatment on the horizon?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Levels of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can progress to fibrosis and cirrhosis, are rising in parallel with the increase in obesity and diabetes. Apart from lifestyle measures such as weight loss, there are no specific drug treatments. In this <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2036205\">phase IIb trial<\/a>, patients with non-cirrhotic, highly active NASH were randomised to receive 1200 or 800\u2009mg of lanifibranor (an agonist that modulates key pathways in the pathogenesis of NASH) for 24 weeks or placebo. Those receiving 1200\u2009mg showed significant improvement in a composite score of histological NASH activity (SAF-A score) compared with those on the lower dose or placebo. Lanifibranor at both doses improved resolution of NASH without worsening of fibrosis compared with placebo (49% and 39%, respectively, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">v<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 22%). There were more adverse effects such as diarrhoea and nausea with the active drug than with placebo, but no difference in the drop-out rates (around 5% in all groups). A larger, longer phase III study including a more diverse population is now needed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">N Engl J Med <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">doi:<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2036205\">10.1056\/NEJMoa2036205<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Tread carefully with tramadol<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This <a href=\"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jama\/article-abstract\/2785265\">large Spanish retrospective cohort study<\/a> found that a new prescription (not issued in the previous year) of tramadol was significantly associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 2.31), cardiovascular events (hazard ratio 1.15), and fractures (hazard ratio 1.5) compared with a matched cohort who were prescribed codeine. There was no significant difference in the risk of constipation, delirium, falls, opioid misuse or dependence, or sleep disturbance. Despite the use of propensity score matching (a statistical technique that uses artificial control groups to estimate the impact of an intervention), there was a real risk of residual confounding, so the results need to be interpreted with caution. Tramadol is widely and increasingly prescribed for chronic non-cancer pain and was considered to be a relatively safe alternative to other opioids when it was introduced, but this study suggests that we should tread carefully.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">JAMA <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">doi:<a href=\"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jama\/article-abstract\/2785265\">10.1001\/jama.2021.15255<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Patchy evidence about smoking cessation treatment<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In <a href=\"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jama\/article-abstract\/2785264\">this flawed trial of 1251 smokers<\/a> (&gt;5 cigarettes a day), treatment with varenicline (a selective nicotine receptor partial agonist) alone or in combination with a nicotine patch for 12 or 24 weeks made no difference to the quit rate at 52 weeks (around 25% for all groups). All participants received cessation counselling before being randomised to one of the groups. The endpoint of abstinence from smoking at 52 weeks relied on self reported data confirmed by biochemical testing in most but not all participants. There was a high attrition rate (23% of the sample was lost to follow-up, and 9% withdrew) so this study is hardly a game changer. It does mean that bigger, better studies are needed to clarify the optimal type and duration of treatment to encourage smokers to quit forever.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">JAMA <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">doi:<a href=\"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jama\/article-abstract\/2785264\">10.1001\/jama.2021.15333<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Mirtazapine doesn\u2019t help agitation in dementia<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">People living with dementia commonly experience agitation, which is distressing for them and their carers. Non-drug strategies are preferable but not always effective, and the sedative antidepressant drug mirtazapine is widely used instead of antipsychotic drugs, which are associated with harm. This <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lancet\/article\/PIIS0140-6736(21)01210-1\/fulltext\">small but important multicentre UK trial<\/a> of 204 participants found that agitation scores at 12 weeks (using the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory, CMAI) didn\u2019t differ significantly in patients given mirtazapine (titrated up to 45\u2009mg) compared with placebo and raised a warning that there were more deaths in the mirtazapine group compared with placebo (7 <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">v<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 1). This alarm bell needs to be treated with caution: the study wasn\u2019t powered to investigate a mortality difference, and it could have been due to chance. But in the absence of any evidence of a benefit, it certainly needs to be taken seriously.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The trial was also due to investigate whether carbamazepine is effective, but covid-related difficulties in recruitment led to that line of inquiry being dropped. The authors stress the value of an individualised programme of investigation and management that incorporates social and psychological measures as well as drug treatment if needed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lancet <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">doi:<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lancet\/article\/PIIS0140-6736(21)01210-1\/fulltext\">10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01210-1<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>\u201cOnco-exceptionalism\u201d: cancer drugs get fast tracked<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A <a href=\"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamainternalmedicine\/article-abstract\/2785228\">cross-sectional US study<\/a> of 37\u202f348 patients who received one or more of 44 new oral targeted cancer drugs found that the proportion of patients receiving drugs without documented overall survival benefit increased from 13% in 2011 to 59% in 2018, and accounted for 52% of the $3.5bn estimated cumulative spending on new oral targeted cancer drugs by the end of 2018. Surrogate endpoints are increasingly used instead of clear measures of longer and better quality of life, and methodological sloppiness is rife. \u201cOur findings suggest that cancer drugs with major shortcomings in their evidence base are adopted in the health system and account for substantial spending,\u201d say the authors. This thought provoking study may reflect the regulatory and economic characteristics of the US healthcare system. Yet it also resonates with claims of \u201conco-exceptionalism,\u201d which sees access to cancer drugs fast tracked despite a lack of strong evidence of benefit to patients or value for money.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">JAMA Intern Med <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">doi:<a href=\"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamainternalmedicine\/article-abstract\/2785228\">10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.5983<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Ann Robinson<\/strong> is an NHS GP and health writer and broadcaster<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Non-alcoholic fatty livers: is drug treatment on the horizon? Levels of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can progress to fibrosis and cirrhosis, are rising in parallel with the increase in obesity [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2021\/10\/29\/ann-robinsons-research-reviews-29-october-2021\/\">More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":419,"featured_media":45282,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18902],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-51223","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-weekly-research-reviews"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Ann Robinson\u2019s research reviews\u201429 October 2021 - The BMJ<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2021\/10\/29\/ann-robinsons-research-reviews-29-october-2021\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ann Robinson\u2019s research reviews\u201429 October 2021 - The BMJ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Non-alcoholic fatty livers: is drug treatment on the horizon? 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