{"id":50929,"date":"2021-09-03T17:32:12","date_gmt":"2021-09-03T16:32:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=50929"},"modified":"2021-09-10T17:55:51","modified_gmt":"2021-09-10T16:55:51","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-double-troubles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2021\/09\/03\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-double-troubles\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I Use a Word . . . Double troubles"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cDuplication\u201d is defined in the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Oxford English Dictionary<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">OED<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) as \u201cThe action of doubling\u201d. It has meanings relevant to biology (division into two), mathematics (multiplication by two and the problem of finding the side of a cube with twice the volume of a given cube), in law (a specific type of plea), and anatomy (a fold). In genetics it refers to the existence of two copies of a particular segment in a chromosome.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The first definition of \u201creduplication\u201d in the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">OED<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is \u201cThe action of doubling over or folding\u201d, which doesn\u2019t sound any different from \u201cduplication\u201d. So why do we need an extra word that seems to mean the same thing? One reason is that reduplication implies repeated duplication, but although that meaning has been used in the past (e.g. meaning to multiply by four), it is now obsolete. In contrast, the word \u201credouble\u201d has retained that meaning, i.e. to double again, as anyone who has played backgammon knows.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The opposite process has occurred with \u201citerate\u201d and \u201creiterate\u201d. The former means to repeat once (i.e. to do something twice), the latter to repeat again (i.e. to do it more than twice). However, \u201creiterate\u201d is nowadays used to mean to repeat, even only once.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">But \u201creduplication\u201d is unusual in that it has acquired meanings distinct from those of \u201cduplication\u201d. In medicine a now obsolete use once referred to the occurrence of double rigors during a febrile illness, such as malaria. A current meaning refers to the formation of an extra set of parts, particularly extra copies of all or part of a chromosome or gene.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Linguistic reduplication is repetition of letters or syllables in a word (denoting some grammatical feature) or repetition of a whole word or phrase (sometimes rhetorically). In his 1921 book <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Edward Sapir, of the Sapir-Whorf <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2020\/02\/14\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-painkillers-a-linguistics-based-approach\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">hypothesis<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of linguistic relativity, described various uses of reduplication, which he said was used \u201cto indicate such concepts as distribution, plurality, repetition, customary activity, increase of size, added intensity, continuance\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The title <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hobson-Jobson<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the glossary that I last discussed <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2021\/08\/20\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-medical-hobson-jobson\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">two weeks ago<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, is reduplicative. It is an Anglicization of Shia Muslims\u2019 cries evoking sadness at the deaths of grandsons of Mohammed, Hasan and Husain, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Y\u0101 <\/span><\/i><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u1e24<\/span><\/i><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">asan!<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Y\u0101 <\/span><\/i><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u1e24<\/span><\/i><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">usayn!<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, misheard, or perhaps parodied, by British soldiers in India. Yule and Burnell, the compilers of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hobson-Jobson<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (1886), adopted it as a striking example of Anglo-Indian, and since 1898 the so-called law of Hobson-Jobson has described how a foreign word enters a language in a form derived from its sound. For example, the fruit that the Aztecs called ahuacatl, Spanish conquistadores called \u201cavocado\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are three types of linguistic reduplication. A word or phrase may simply be repeated, as in the tautonymic names of biological species, such as the wren, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Troglodytes troglodytes<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Or it may be repeated with a small change in either a vowel (e.g. jibber-jabber), or a consonant or cluster of consonants (e.g. hugger-mugger). That such terms rhyme makes them catchy and memorable. As a <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2015\/04\/02\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-phonemes-shmonemes\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">patient<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> once told me, \u201cCancer schmancer! I\u2019m as fit as a fiddle!\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some medical terms are reduplicative. The Japanese term for painful osteomalacia secondary to cadmium-induced nephropathy is <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28710217\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">itai\u2013itai<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">; it means ouch! ouch! <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29475609\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Moya-moya<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, another Japanese term, describes occlusion of the internal carotid arteries or arteries in the circle of Willis, a cause of stroke in young people; the collateral circulation that develops gives a typical angiographic pattern, which resembles a puff of smoke (moya-moya in Japanese); fuzzy echoes seen during <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/2699992\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">echocardiography<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> have also been referred to in this way. Tsutsugamushi fever (scrub typhus) comes from the Japanese words tsutsuga, illness, and mushi, insect, and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31812638\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">o\u2019nyong-nyong<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a dengue-like disease, is an East African term meaning severe joint pains. Beri-beri derives from the Sinhalese word beri, debility (i.e. much debility). Borborygmi, multiple rumbling of the guts, combines reduplication with onomatopoeia. And rhythmic repetition is reflected in words such as murmur and susurrus.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you want to prevent a pregnancy do you use a preventive or a preventative? The word comes from the Latin verb praevenire, whose supine form is praeventum, not praeventatum. So reduplication is unnecessary. Indeed, the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">OED<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> notes that \u201cAvoidance of [preventative] and the use in its place of \u2018preventive\u2019 is recommended by some usage guides.\u201d Good advice.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong>\u00a0is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford\u2019s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Competing interests:<\/strong>\u00a0none declared.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-50930\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/09\/aronson_integer_3_sep_2021-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"634\" height=\"3723\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/09\/aronson_integer_3_sep_2021-scaled.jpg 436w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/09\/aronson_integer_3_sep_2021-51x300.jpg 51w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/09\/aronson_integer_3_sep_2021-349x2048.jpg 349w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/09\/aronson_integer_3_sep_2021-640x3757.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 634px) 100vw, 634px\" \/><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cDuplication\u201d is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) as \u201cThe action of doubling\u201d. It has meanings relevant to biology (division into two), mathematics (multiplication by two and the problem [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2021\/09\/03\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-double-troubles\/\">More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":419,"featured_media":38359,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5762],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-50929","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jeff-aronsons-words"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Jeffrey Aronson: When I Use a Word . . . 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