There are five key factors that universities should consider ahead of the start of the new academic year, say Simon Williams and Gavin Yamey<\/p>\n
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One year ago, when universities in the United States re-opened for the fall semester, the outcome was disastrous. At that time, the US had about 55,000 new daily cases and there was \u201cno federal covid-19 control plan or coordinated vision for safely reopening universities.\u201d [<\/span>1]<\/span> In the United Kingdom, like the US, chaotic re-openings sparked outbreaks that plunged \u201centire flats and halls of residence into lockdown.\u201d [<\/span>2,3]<\/span><\/p>\n With universities on both sides of the Atlantic about to reopen, institutions of higher education are \u201conce again confronting the challenges posed by SARS-CoV-2 in their planning for safe operations during the approaching academic year.\u201d [<\/span>4]<\/span> The challenges are heightened by the Delta variant, which is estimated to be twice as transmissible as the original coronavirus strain, and which is now dominant in both the US and UK. [<\/span>5]<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n It remains critically important to protect students from covid-19. While it\u2019s true that covid-19 rarely kills young adults, they certainly can become ill and can also develop long term symptoms; studies suggest that about 10% of infected people at any age can develop long covid. [<\/span>6]<\/span> Infected students can infect older, vulnerable adults on campus, including teachers and university maintenance and service staff. There is also evidence that campus outbreaks can drive infection in the communities around the university. [<\/span>7]<\/span><\/p>\n So, what steps can universities take to make autumn re-openings safer? We believe there are five key considerations.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n First and foremost is the level of vaccination coverage. A new modelling study finds that colleges that achieve vaccine coverage of over 90% may safely return to normalcy. [<\/span>4]<\/span> In other words, say the authors, \u201ccampus activities can be fully resumed while holding cumulative cases below 5% of the population without the need for routine, asymptomatic testing.\u201d [<\/span>4]<\/span> It will be difficult to reach such high coverage rates unless colleges have a mandate, and indeed many US colleges and universities require all students, staff, and faculty to be vaccinated before returning this fall. [<\/span>8]<\/span> If vaccination coverage is below 90%, colleges will have to rely on measures such as regular testing, masking, and distancing to keep campuses safe.<\/span><\/p>\n In England, at the time of writing this, students will not be required to show proof of vaccination. [<\/span>9]<\/span> The government is trying out various incentive schemes as well as vaccine passports in nightclubs to boost the number of young people getting vaccinated. [<\/span>10,11]<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n The reasons for vaccine hesitancy (or vaccine delay) are complex, but include a lack of urgency to get vaccinated due to a reduced perception of individual risk and the inconvenience of making appointments. [<\/span>12]<\/span> Universities can increase uptake by offering vaccinations on site. Planning ahead, discussions for booster jabs are underway (in the UK vulnerable groups are due to be offered them from September<\/span>), and health service and vaccine providers can work with universities to facilitate and increase uptake of booster jabs on campuses. [13]<\/span><\/p>\n Second, universities on both sides of the Atlantic are considering delaying or phasing in their autumn re-openings or incorporating a blended learning approach. Universities should consider a phased return so as to avoid a mass migration of all their students over a matter of weeks (the UK for example has about two million higher education students).<\/span><\/p>\n Third, wherever possible, universities, governments, and other relevant stakeholders and funders should invest in ensuring adequate ventilation across campuses, including in classrooms and accommodations. Between now and the start of the academic year is sufficient time for substantial investment in HEPA filters and CO<\/span>2<\/span> monitors to ensure adequate ventilation across university buildings. [<\/span>14]<\/span><\/p>\n This investment will provide benefits not just in the short-term related to covid-19, but also in the longer term for covid-19 and other respiratory diseases (including \u201cfreshers flu,\u201d a group of illnesses caused by various viruses<\/span>). [15] In the initial weeks of term, the incorporation of outdoor classrooms and social spaces should be encouraged where possible.<\/span><\/p>\n Fourth, effective contact tracing, combined with effective on-campus testing, isolation, and support is key to minimizing any impacts of transmission on and beyond campuses. Additional resources to ensure adequate support for self-isolation\u2014to encourage adherence and mitigate any negative impacts of self-isolation\u2014should be made available. [<\/span>16]<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Finally, masks still have a role to play in certain circumstances. In the US, the Center for Disease Control recently changed its guidance so that everyone\u2014not just the unvaccinated\u2014should wear a mask indoors in places with high levels of transmission. [<\/span>17]<\/span> Their new guidance was based on data suggesting that if a vaccinated person becomes infected, the cycle threshold value\u2014an indication of how much virus a person is carrying\u2014may be the same as in an unvaccinated infected person. [<\/span>18]<\/span> Some US universities, such as Duke University, are mandating indoor masking along with vaccination. [<\/span>19]<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Public opinion in the UK and US remains favorable towards maintaining facemasks, particularly in crowded settings. [<\/span>20,<\/span>21]<\/span> Social distancing in large classrooms should be retained in certain circumstances (e.g. where local community rates are high). Where this is not possible, and where large group classrooms (e.g. lectures) are deemed pedagogically important, masks should be required as a precautionary measure for the initial phase after reopening.<\/span><\/p>\n Simon\u00a0Williams<\/span><\/i><\/b>\u00a0is senior lecturer in people and organisation in the School of Management in Swansea University, and adjunct assistant professor in the Department of Medical Social Sciences in the Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago.<\/i>\u00a0Twitter\u00a0@drsimonwilliams\u00a0<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n Gavin Yamey<\/b>, professor of global health and public policy,\u00a0<\/em>Center for Policy Impact in Global Health, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Twitter @GYamey<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n Competing interests<\/strong>: GY is a signatory to the People\u2019s Vaccine campaign and is a funding member of Amnesty International, one of the members of the People\u2019s Vaccine Alliance. He was a member of the COVID-19 Vaccine Development Taskforce, hosted by the World Bank, and participated as an academic unpaid adviser in the consultation process that led to the launch of COVAX. He has received grant funding from the WHO, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. SW has no competing interests to report.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n References:<\/b><\/p>\n 1\u00a0 <\/span>Yamey G, Walensky RP. Covid-19: reopening universities is high risk. BMJ 2020;370:m3365<\/span><\/p>\n 2\u00a0 <\/span>Tracking coronavirus cases at U.S. colleges and universities. <\/span>New York Times<\/span><\/i> 2020 Dec 31, 2020. <\/span>https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2020\/us\/covid-college-cases-tracker.html<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n 3\u00a0 <\/span>Shadwell E. University coronavirus chaos: Thousands of students in halls lockdown ‘with no support’ D<\/span>aily Mirro<\/span><\/i>r, 25<\/span>th<\/span> September 2020.\u00a0 Available at: <\/span>https:\/\/www.mirror.co.uk\/news\/uk-news\/university-coronavirus-chaos-hundreds-halls-22744758<\/span><\/a> (Accessed: 5<\/span>th<\/span> August 2021].<\/span><\/p>\n 4\u00a0 <\/span>Paltiel D, Schwartz J. Assessing COVID prevention strategies to permit the safe opening of college campuses in fall 2021, medRxiv 2021.07.19.21260522; doi: <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.07.19.21260522<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n 5\u00a0 <\/span>Reardon S. How the Delta variant achieves its ultrafast spread. <\/span>Nature, <\/span><\/i>news article 21<\/span>st<\/span> July 2021. Available at <\/span>https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-021-01986-w<\/span><\/a> (accessed 5<\/span>th<\/span> August 2021).<\/span><\/p>\n 6\u00a0 <\/span>Greenhalgh T, Knight M, A\u2019Court C, Buxton M, Husain L. Management of post-acute covid-19 in primary care <\/span>BMJ<\/span><\/i> 2020; 370 :m3026 doi:10.1136\/bmj.m3026<\/span><\/p>\n 7 <\/span>Andersen M, Bento AI, Basu A, Marsicano C, Simon K. College Openings, Mobility, and the Incidence of COVID-19. <\/span>medRxiv<\/span><\/i> 2020.09.22.20196048; doi: <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.09.22.20196048<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n 8 <\/span>Dickler J. Hundreds of colleges say Covid vaccines will be mandatory for fall 2021. CNBC 11th May 2021. Available at:<\/span><\/p>\n https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2021\/05\/11\/hundreds-of-colleges-to-require-covid-vaccines-for-fall-2021.html<\/span><\/a> (Accessed 5th August 2021).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n 9 <\/span>Morton B. Covid vaccine will not be compulsory for university lectures. <\/span>BBC News<\/span><\/i> 31<\/span>st<\/span> July 2021.\u00a0 Available at: <\/span>https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-58040302.amp<\/span><\/a> (Accessed 5th August 2021).<\/span><\/p>\n 10 <\/span>Savage M. Uber and Deliveroo discounts to lure young people in UK to get Covid jab. <\/span>The Guardian<\/span><\/i> 1<\/span>st<\/span> August 2021. Available at: <\/span>https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2021\/aug\/01\/discounts-uber-deliveroo-lure-young-people-in-uk-covid-jab-vaccinations<\/span><\/a> (Accessed 5<\/span>th<\/span> August 2021).<\/span><\/p>\n 11 <\/span>Stewart H. Covid vaccine certificates to be compulsory for crowded venues in England. <\/span>The Guardian <\/span><\/i>19<\/span>th<\/span> July 2021.\u00a0 Available at: <\/span>https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2021\/jul\/19\/covid-certificates-to-be-compulsory-for-crowded-venues-in-england<\/span><\/a> (Accessed 4<\/span>th<\/span> August 2021).<\/span><\/p>\n 12 <\/span>Williams SN, Dienes K. Public attitudes to COVID-19 vaccines: A qualitative study. <\/span>medRxiv<\/span><\/i> 2021.05.17.21257092; doi: <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.05.17.21257092<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n 13 <\/span>Department of Health and Social Care, UK Government.\u00a0 Most vulnerable could be offered booster COVID-19 vaccines from September.\u00a0 Available at: <\/span>https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/news\/most-vulnerable-could-be-offered-booster-covid-19-vaccines-from-september#:~:text=The%20JCVI%20’s%20interim%20advice,the%20annual%20flu%20vaccination%20programme<\/span><\/a> (Accessed 5<\/span>th<\/span> August 2021)<\/span><\/p>\n 14 <\/span>SAGE-EMG. Potential application of Air Cleaning devices and personal decontamination to manage transmission of COVID-19.\u00a0 Available at:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/939173\/S0867_EMG_Potential_application_of_air_cleaning_devices_and_personal_decontamination_to_manage_transmission_of_COVID-19.pdf<\/span><\/a> (Accessed 5th August 2021).<\/span><\/p>\n 15 <\/span>Gatherer D. Explainer: what is freshers\u2019 flu and what can you do about it? <\/span>The Conversation<\/span><\/i> 6<\/span>th<\/span> October 2015.\u00a0 Available at: <\/span>https:\/\/theconversation.com\/explainer-what-is-freshers-flu-and-what-can-you-do-about-it-48400<\/span><\/a> (Accessed 5th August 2021).<\/span><\/p>\n 16 <\/span>Cevik M, Baral S D, Crozier A, Cassell J A. Support for self-isolation is critical in covid-19 response BMJ 2021; 372 :n224 doi:10.1136\/bmj.n224\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n 17 <\/span>Aubrey A. CDC Urges Vaccinated People To Mask Up Indoors In Places With High Virus Transmission. <\/span>NPR, <\/span><\/i>27<\/span>th<\/span> July 2021.\u00a0 Available at: <\/span>\u00a0<\/span>https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/health-shots\/2021\/07\/27\/1021206558\/cdc-expected-to-change-mask-guidance-for-vaccinated-people-including-in-schools<\/span><\/a> (Accessed 5th August 2021).<\/span><\/p>\n 18 <\/span>Brown CM, Vostok J, Johnson H, et al. Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 Infections, Including COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough Infections, Associated with Large Public Gatherings \u2014 Barnstable County, Massachusetts, July 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 30 July 2021. DOI: <\/span>http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7031e2<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n 19 <\/span>Quillin M. Most area colleges say they will require masks in classrooms as fall semester starts. <\/span>The News and Observer <\/span><\/i>29<\/span>th<\/span> July 2021.\u00a0 Available at: <\/span>https:\/\/www.newsobserver.com\/news\/local\/counties\/wake-county\/article253057203.html<\/span><\/a> (Accessed 5th August 2021).<\/span><\/p>\n 20 <\/span>Ballard J. Most Britons want COVID restrictions to remain \u2013 poll.\u00a0 <\/span>Reuters <\/span><\/i>15<\/span>