{"id":50833,"date":"2021-08-13T16:57:10","date_gmt":"2021-08-13T15:57:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=50833"},"modified":"2021-08-13T17:36:00","modified_gmt":"2021-08-13T16:36:00","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-hobson-jobson","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2021\/08\/13\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-hobson-jobson\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I Use a Word . . . Hobson\u2013Jobson"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">During the recent debate about the use of the word \u201ccurry\u201d, I looked it up in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hobson\u2013Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, also described variously in reissues as <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The definitive glossary of British India<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Anglo-Indian Dictionary<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A spice-box of etymological curiosities and colourful expressions<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. The last is particularly apt.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hobson\u2013Jobson<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was written and compiled by Henry Yule and A[rthur] C[oke] Burnell, published in 1886, and updated in 1903 by William Crooke. In their introductory remarks they wrote that \u201cIn its original conception [the dictionary] was intended to deal with all that class of words which, not in general pertaining to the technicalities of administration, recur constantly in the daily intercourse of the English in India, either as expressing ideas really not provided for by our mother tongue, or supposed by the speakers (often quite erroneously) to express something not capable of just denotation by any English term.\u201d However, we later learn that \u201cas the work proceeded, its scope expanded somewhat, and its authors found it expedient to introduce and trace many words of Asiatic origin which have disappeared from colloquial use, or perhaps never entered it, but which occur in old writers on the East.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As James Lambert\u2019s comprehensive analysis in <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ijl\/article-abstract\/31\/4\/485\/4996705?redirectedFrom=fulltext\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2018<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> shows, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hobson\u2013Jobson<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is a highly idiosyncratic dictionary. At first sight the format appears to be standard\u20142400 or so headwords arranged alphabetically. But <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hobson\u2013Jobson<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is not a conventional dictionary.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Headwords<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Among the headwords, spelt inconsistently, are single words and phrases; some are variant spellings with cross-references, but variants are not included in the main entries, although many can be found in the quotations that illustrate the uses of the headwords.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Parts of speech <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Most of the headwords, although not all, are followed by an abbreviation indicating the part of speech: s. (substantive, i.e. a noun) and n.p. (nomen proprium, i.e. a proper noun) make up about 97% of all the entries. The rest are mostly adjectives, with occasional verbs and interjections. You will have difficulty finding any other parts of speech.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pronunciation<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is rarely indicated.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Etymologies<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Some of the entries, although not all, include etymologies, but they are peculiarly organized. In some cases the language of origin is given (e.g. Hindi, Malayalam, Tamil, Arabic, Chinese, Sanskrit), but often not. Etymologies are often discussed after the meaning is mentioned and in some cases the discussion concentrates more on supposed, but incorrect, origins, the true etymology being mentioned only briefly, almost as an afterthought.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Definitions<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Most of the headwords are described in simple definitions, but some are described discursively and some not at all. But after all, the authors did call their work \u201cdiscursive\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Quotations<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Many of the entries are followed by selections of quotations, intended to illustrate the meanings and uses of the term. However, the number of quotations varies widely from headword to headword and they are of hugely variable length and inconsistently chosen. Unlike the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">New English Dictionary<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, to which the dictionary occasionally refers, there is no attempt at a historical approach, identifying the earliest use of a term and its development.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The entry for Adam\u2019s apple illustrates some of these points.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-50834\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/08\/aronson_13_aug_2021.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"384\" height=\"478\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/08\/aronson_13_aug_2021.jpg 384w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/08\/aronson_13_aug_2021-241x300.jpg 241w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 384px) 100vw, 384px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">So what about \u201ccurry\u201d? The entry in Hobson\u2013Jobson runs to nearly four columns and includes the etymology, from the Tamil word kari, sauce or relish for rice, and the Kannada word karil, which gives the modern Portuguese word caril.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-50835\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/08\/aronson_13_aug_2021_2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"610\" height=\"1078\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/08\/aronson_13_aug_2021_2.jpg 610w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/08\/aronson_13_aug_2021_2-170x300.jpg 170w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/08\/aronson_13_aug_2021_2-579x1024.jpg 579w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 610px) 100vw, 610px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The current objection to our use of \u201ccurry\u201d, if I have understood it correctly, is that the word is not used in India to describe the many spiced regional dishes eaten there. Rather, each dish has its own individual name. Therefore, so the argument goes, the word \u201ccurry\u201d, referring to any spiced dish, should be abandoned. This misunderstands the ways in which language develops and the ways in which words are used. For all its faults, Hobson\u2013Jobson illustrates this well, listing as it does words from many different languages, imported into the English spoken in India, and used in ways that were not intended in the languages from which they originally came. Languages constantly borrow words, \u201cloan-words\u201d or \u201ccalques\u201d, from other languages and develop them. What other words will we next be called on to abandon?<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><em><strong>Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong>\u00a0is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford&#8217;s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>Competing interests:<\/strong> none declared.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2021\/05\/14\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-omics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-50839 size-shareaholic-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/08\/aronson_13_aug_2021_integer2-640x4099.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"4099\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/08\/aronson_13_aug_2021_integer2-640x4099.jpg 640w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/08\/aronson_13_aug_2021_integer2-47x300.jpg 47w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/08\/aronson_13_aug_2021_integer2-160x1024.jpg 160w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/08\/aronson_13_aug_2021_integer2-240x1536.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>During the recent debate about the use of the word \u201ccurry\u201d, I looked it up in Hobson\u2013Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2021\/08\/13\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-hobson-jobson\/\">More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":419,"featured_media":38359,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5762],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-50833","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jeff-aronsons-words"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Jeffrey Aronson: When I Use a Word . . . 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