{"id":50789,"date":"2021-08-06T16:02:47","date_gmt":"2021-08-06T15:02:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=50789"},"modified":"2021-09-03T17:32:56","modified_gmt":"2021-09-03T16:32:56","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-artificial-translation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2021\/08\/06\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-artificial-translation\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I Use a Word . . . Artificial translation"},"content":{"rendered":"

Last week<\/span><\/a> I wrote about \u201ctortured phrases\u201d, a term invented by the authors of an arXiv <\/span>preprint<\/span><\/a> in which they highlight the ways in which fake scientific papers are being produced using probabilistic text generators. That such papers are fake can sometimes be detected if they incorporate non-standard phrases that are supposed to convey the same meanings as proper scientific phrases but have been rewritten as tortured phrases. Instead of attempting a definition of \u201ctortured phrase\u201d I offered examples, such as “enormous information” instead of “big data”, but now here is a suggested definition:<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

I think that the choice of the word “tortured” to describe these phrases is a good one, coming as it does from an IndoEuropean root TERKW<\/sup>, meaning to twist, as can be seen from its etymography, shown in Figure 1. \u201cTortured\u201d describes quite well what has been done to form the constructs so described, twisting the words that denote them, and by implication twisting the scientific literature.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\nTortured phrases are typically formed by translation from one language to another, followed by back translation to the original language. To explore how often this might lead to tortured phrases, I have taken the phrase \u201cartificial intelligence\u201d and, using Google Translate, have translated it into 121 different languages and then back-translated the results into English.<\/span><\/p>\n

In 111 cases (92%) the back-translation turned out to be \u201cartificial intelligence\u201d. In most cases each of the English words was directly translated and they were then put together, in either order. For example, in Portuguese the phrase becomes \u201cintelig\u00eancia artificial\u201d and in Norwegian \u201ckunstig intelligens\u201d. Something similar happens in Russian, but with an interesting twist, as it were: the phrase becomes \u201c<\/span>\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u201d<\/span> (\u201ciskusstvenny intellekt\u201d), where \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 means artificial<\/span>; <\/span>but in Russian <\/span>\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442<\/span> means both intelligence and intellect. And in some English language papers by Russian authors the phrase \u201cartificial intellect\u201d is used (<\/span>here<\/span><\/a>, for example, and <\/span>here<\/span><\/a>).<\/span><\/p>\n

In 10 of the 121 cases some peculiar results emerged, as shown in Table 1. Some of the back-translations are convincing tortured phrases.<\/span><\/p>\n

Table 1.<\/b> The results of translating \u201cartificial intelligence\u201d into other languages and then back-translating into English, using Google Translate; in these cases, back-translation did not yield \u201cartificial intelligence\u201d; in some cases the back-translation even varied according to whether upper case or lower case initials were used; AI = Artificial Intelligence; ai = artificial intelligence; aI = artificial Intelligence; Ai = Artificial intelligence<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

This form of reverse translation is not necessary for the production of tortured phrases, as I demonstrated last week, when I used synonyms to turn \u201cartificial intelligence\u201d into \u201cfake news\u201d, without going via an intermediate language. However, I didn\u2019t anticipate the emergence of \u201cfraudulent search\u201d when back-translating from Hawaiian.<\/span><\/p>\n

Some languages need indirect translation to render the phrase. For example, in Zulu, \u201cukuhlakanipha okungekhona okwangempela\u201d, which back-translation renders as \u201cartificial intelligence\u201d, literally means \u201cwisdom that is not real\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Another example, the best of all in my view, features in this week\u2019s cartoon, below.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong>\u00a0is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford’s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Competing interests:<\/strong> none declared.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Last week I wrote about \u201ctortured phrases\u201d, a term invented by the authors of an arXiv preprint in which they highlight the ways in which fake scientific papers are being […]<\/p>\n

More…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":419,"featured_media":38359,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5762],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-50789","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jeff-aronsons-words"],"yoast_head":"\nJeffrey Aronson: When I Use a Word . . . Artificial translation - The BMJ<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2021\/08\/06\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-artificial-translation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Jeffrey Aronson: When I Use a Word . . . 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