{"id":50712,"date":"2021-07-23T12:54:46","date_gmt":"2021-07-23T11:54:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=50712"},"modified":"2021-08-03T14:23:06","modified_gmt":"2021-08-03T13:23:06","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-the-oed-in-the-bmj","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2021\/07\/23\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-the-oed-in-the-bmj\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I Use a Word . . . The OED in The BMJ"},"content":{"rendered":"

Last week<\/span><\/a> I analysed citations in the <\/span>Oxford English Dictionary<\/span><\/i> (<\/span>OED<\/span><\/i>) taken from <\/span>The BMJ<\/span><\/i>. This week I have looked at what <\/span>The BMJ<\/span><\/i> said about the <\/span>OED<\/span><\/i> when it was first published.<\/span><\/p>\n

In 1857 Richard Chenevix Trench, Archbishop of Dublin, proposed to the Philological Society the creation of a new English dictionary, and in 1876, after much preparatory work, the society suggested to the publishers Macmillan that James A H Murray should be invited to edit it. Negotiations with Macmillan broke down, but Oxford University Press took up the project. The original proposal was for a four volume work of 7000 pages, and the work, begun in 1879, was expected to take 10 years. In the end it took nearly 50 years, and the <\/span>New English Dictionary<\/span><\/i>, later called the <\/span>Oxford English Dictionary,<\/span><\/i> ran to nearly 16\u00a0000 pages, issued in instalments (Figure 1), many of which were reviewed in <\/span>The BMJ<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure 1.<\/b> The progress of the first edition of <\/span>The Oxford English Dictionary<\/span><\/i>, originally called the <\/span>New English Dictionary<\/span><\/i>, from the signing of the agreement in 1879 to complete publication in 1928, with a supplement already promised; the dictionary was published in 125 instalments (in fascicles, each represented by a point on the graph), one every three months when output was most productive, but more slowly at the beginning and the end; its 10 volumes were also published piecemeal from 1888 to 1928; Murray was joined by other editors, Henry Bradley in 1888, W A Craigie in 1901, and C T Onions in 1914.<\/span><\/p>\n

The journal first reviewed the dictionary in October <\/span>1886<\/span><\/a>, noticing the first two fascicles, A\u2013Ant (published January 1884) and Anta\u2013Battening (November 1885). The reviewer was not complimentary: \u201c\u2026we lay the work down with a feeling of regrets either that the editor included so many medical words, or that he omitted so many others of equal or superior value.\u201d The review continued in this curmudgeonly fashion: \u201cAmong the words which should have been inserted under the rule that all scientific words, English in form, find admittance, are:- Absorbing (var., of absorbent, Abernethy), achromatous, acrid (sb. In Dr. Friend’s Emenologia, and Ziemssen’s Cycl.), additamentary, adelomorphous, adenomatous, aerobe, aeroscope, afebrile, aged sight, agrammatism, albuminuric, ambulant, amenorrhoeic, amoeboid (sub., Carpenter), ankle-clonus, anisotropous, anorchism, aponeurotome, archiblastic, Argyll-Robertson (adj.), arthrectotomy, atalectic, autogenetically, azoted, back-splint, bacteriform, balneo-therapeutics, bar (at neck of bladder), bar-shot (calculus).\u201d The dictionary later caught up with several of these: for example, \u201cachromatous\u201d in 1997, adenomatous in 1972, and aerobe in the 1933 supplement. Some, however, have not yet been noticed, including additamentary, a term describing foreign bodies deposited in gouty tissues, which <\/span>The BMJ<\/span><\/i> noticed in <\/span>1858<\/span><\/a> in a book on gout by Dr Robert Adams; agrammatism, an inability, due to brain damage, to speak grammatically (<\/span>BMJ<\/span><\/i> 1927<\/span><\/a>); and \u201caponeurotome\u201d, a device for incising the linea alba during abdominal surgery (<\/span>BMJ<\/span><\/i> 1887<\/span><\/a>).<\/span><\/p>\n

The reviewer might also have mentioned the omission of \u201cappendicitis\u201d, which Murray later claimed was in part occasioned by advice he had received from the Regius Professor of Medicine, Henry Acland, that it was \u201ca very obscure and rare disease\u201d. However, Anta\u2013Battening was published in 1885 and the earliest written example of \u201cappendicitis\u201d that can be found dates from 1886, as <\/span>The BMJ<\/span><\/i> noted in <\/span>1887<\/span><\/a>, so Murray can hardly be blamed for the omission, which was rectified in the 1933 supplement. Furthermore, as Peter Gilliver has pointed out in his excellent history, <\/span>The Making of the Oxford English Dictionary <\/span><\/i>(OUP, 2016), Murray was under pressure\u2014particularly from the chairman of the Delegates of the Press, Benjamin Jowett\u2014to omit technical vocabulary from the dictionary.<\/span><\/p>\n

Then, in March <\/span>1890<\/span><\/a>, another anonymous reviewer published an enthusiastic review of the sixth fascicle, Cast\u2013Clivy, 4 months after its publication: \u201c\u2026it is only the bare truth to say that so much light has been poured on the early meaning, later uses, and original derivation of [medical] words that even in medical philology the Dictionary inaugurates a new departure.\u201d His illustrative examples included catarrh, cataract, cirrhosis, chiropodist, and chloroform.<\/span><\/p>\n

This reviewer was later identified as John William Ballantyne, who went on to publish over 50 reviews of <\/span>OED<\/span><\/i> fascicles, each under the heading \u201cMedical terms in the New English Dictionary\u201d. No more reviews appeared after Ballantyne died in <\/span>1923<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Oxford appreciated Ballantyne\u2019s reviews. On 18 July <\/span>1908<\/span><\/a> Murray wrote to the journal referring to \u201c\u2026its careful and scholarly notices of the successive parts of the <\/span>New English Dictionary<\/span><\/i>, in so far as this deals with medical terms\u201d. Could readers, he asked, antedate a 1580 example of \u201cprobe\u201d as a surgical instrument? Apparently not. But they were probably not familiar with <\/span>La Grande Chirurgie<\/span><\/i> by Guy de Chauliac, translated into English in about 1425 and currently cited as including the earliest instance of \u201cprobe\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong>\u00a0is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford’s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Competing interests:<\/strong> none declared.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Last week I analysed citations in the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) taken from The BMJ. This week I have looked at what The BMJ said about the OED when it […]<\/p>\n

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