{"id":50674,"date":"2021-07-16T16:22:21","date_gmt":"2021-07-16T15:22:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=50674"},"modified":"2021-07-23T12:55:00","modified_gmt":"2021-07-23T11:55:00","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-the-bmj-in-the-oed","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2021\/07\/16\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-the-bmj-in-the-oed\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I Use a Word . . . The BMJ in the OED"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2021\/07\/09\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-the-otm-in-the-oed\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Last week<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> I analysed citations in the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Oxford English Dictionary<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">OED<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) taken from the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Oxford Textbook of Medicine<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">OTM<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">). This week I have looked at <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">OED<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> citations taken from <em>The<\/em> <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">BMJ<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The numbers of citations are shown in Table 1, with data from other journals for comparison. Although <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Lancet<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> outguns <em>The <\/em><\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">BMJ<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in both the numbers of total citations included in the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">OED<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and the numbers of citations that are listed as being the earliest under the relevant headwords, my experience in searching for antedatings of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">OED<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> entries, i.e. citations that predate the citations currently included, has been that <em>The <\/em><\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">BMJ<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is the most frequent source. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2021\/01\/15\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-medical-words-of-the-1970s\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">For example<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, when I looked for antedatings of words listed in the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">OED<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that first appeared in print during 1970\u20139, I found 60, of which ten were in <em>The<\/em> <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">BMJ<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, six in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">PNAS<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and none from the other journals listed in Table 1. The most striking example was the Chinese term tui na, with an antedating of 84 years, from 1979 to 1895; the source was <em>The<\/em> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/content\/2\/1817\/1046\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">BMJ<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Of the antedatings that I have found in the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2021\/07\/09\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-the-otm-in-the-oed\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">OTM<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> corpus<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, about 40 in all, half are from <em>The <\/em><\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">BMJ<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Table 1.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The numbers of citations in the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">OED<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from five different general medical journals<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-50679\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/07\/aronson_16_july_2021.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"528\" height=\"171\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/07\/aronson_16_july_2021.jpg 528w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/07\/aronson_16_july_2021-300x97.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 528px) 100vw, 528px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The frequency distribution of the dates of the citations is shown in Figure 1, side by side with the frequency distribution of the most recent citations for the same headwords.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-50681\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/07\/aronson_16_july_2021_3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"691\" height=\"362\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/07\/aronson_16_july_2021_3.jpg 691w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/07\/aronson_16_july_2021_3-300x157.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/07\/aronson_16_july_2021_3-640x335.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 691px) 100vw, 691px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>Figure 1.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The distributions of the numbers of first and last citations under each of 230 headwords in the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">OED<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for which <em>The <\/em><\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">BMJ<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> citation is the earliest; the green bars show the dates of the earliest citations, peaking in 1880\u20131909, with a smaller peak in 1950\u20131969; the blue bars show the numbers of citations that are the last in each entry; the words whose dates appear to the left can be regarded as rare or obsolete, although a few can be postdated to later times<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Of the 2632 citations of <em>The <\/em><\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">BMJ<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">OED<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, 230 contain the earliest finds. The headwords range from acetophenetidin (1888), now better known as phenacetin, and acetylcholine (1906) to zidovudine (1987) and zoon politikon (1895). They date from 1857 to 1982. The list includes terms such as botulinum (1897) and busulfan (1956), chloraemia (1890) and cyclophosphamide (1960), ventouse (1960) and yperite (1917). The last, named from its first widespread use at the second battle of Ypres in 1915, is what we now call mustard gas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Going further back, to the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Provincial Medical and Surgical Journal<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, which is what <em>The<\/em> <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">BMJ<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was originally called (until 1857), we find three more citations: \u201cimperforated\u201d (1841), \u201cretropharyngeal\u201d (1843; the earliest citation), and \u201cempiricism\u201d (1846); all are still in use.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">There is a large amount of pharmacological interest in the corpus. In all, 55 of the items are medicines or antiseptics or compounds that are or have been used therapeutically in some way (Table 2); in seven cases they are identified by their brand names, such as Stelazine (1958), an antipsychotic phenothiazine whose International Nonproprietary Name is trifluoperazine.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Table 2.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Items of pharmacological interest that are headwords in the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">OED<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for which <em>The <\/em><\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">BMJ<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> provides the earliest instances <\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-50680\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/07\/aronson_16_july_2021_2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"514\" height=\"415\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/07\/aronson_16_july_2021_2.jpg 514w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/07\/aronson_16_july_2021_2-300x242.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 514px) 100vw, 514px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Seventeen of the terms are hapax legomena, i.e. words for which only one quotation is recorded. However, these are not necessarily nonce-words, words that have been used only once. For example, the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">OED<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> accords \u201ccolporrhaphy\u201d only a single quotation from <em>The <\/em><\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">BMJ<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in 1902, but the term is still widely used today, even in <em>The <\/em><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/content\/bmj\/2\/5972\/680.full.pdf\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">BMJ<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. It can also be antedated to 1889, in <em>The <\/em><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/content\/bmj\/1\/1482\/1190.full.pdf\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">BMJ<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of course.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is only occasionally possible to determine who invented a word. Although in most cases the true earliest written instances have been found, words are often in verbal currency before they appear in print. Furthermore, an author who is the first to use the word in print may have got it from someone else. And the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">OED<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> often omits the names of original authors in citations from journals; in this corpus of 230 citations, the authors are named in only 25 cases. However, there is one striking case of identified authorship. In 1941, at a meeting of the Association of Physicians of Great Britain &amp; Ireland, Henry Cohen (later Lord Cohen of Birkenhead) proposed names for three forms of nerve damage, neurotmesis, axonotmesis, and neurapraxia (Figure 2). The first and last of those have found their way into the dictionary. Why \u201caxonotmesis\u201d, a word that is still in current use (e.g. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34239858\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">here<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">), is not included is a puzzle.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-50682\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/07\/aronson_16_july_2021_4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"423\" height=\"561\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/07\/aronson_16_july_2021_4.jpg 423w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/07\/aronson_16_july_2021_4-226x300.jpg 226w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 423px) 100vw, 423px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>Figure 2.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> An extract from <em>The <\/em><\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">BMJ<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, 29 August 1942, from a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/content\/bmj\/2\/4260\/237.full.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">paper<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> by H[erbert] J[ohn] Seddon, Nuffield Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery in the University of Oxford, titled &#8220;A classification of nerve injuries&#8221;, detailing Henry Cohen\u2019s contribution to neurological nomenclature<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><em>The<\/em> <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">BMJ<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> makes one other appearance in the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">OED<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (making 2633 hits in all): a note in the etymological section under \u201covariotomy\u201d, which appeared when the dictionary was called the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">New English Dictionary<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">NED<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">); the note reads: \u201cN.E.D.&#8217;s entry for ovariotomics was the result of a misreading of \u2018ovariotomy\u2019 in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Brit. Med. Jrnl.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (1882) 28 Jan. 184\u201d (Figure 3). Indeed, in the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">NED,<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Volume VII, O, P, published in 1909, &#8220;ovariotomics &#8221; was defined as &#8220;the theory or practice of ovariotomy&#8221;, illustrated by a supposed quotation from <em>The <\/em><\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">BMJ<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: &#8220;1882 <em>Brit Med Jrnl<\/em> 28 Jan 184 At last listerism was applied to ovariotomics\u201d. What is odd about this entry is that page 184 does not exist in the issue of 28 January 1882. The quote <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">can<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> be found on page 184, but in the issue for 11 February, and it does indeed refer to \u201covariotomy\u201d. A further correction is needed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-50683\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/07\/aronson_16_july_2021_5.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"688\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/07\/aronson_16_july_2021_5.jpg 688w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/07\/aronson_16_july_2021_5-300x129.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/07\/aronson_16_july_2021_5-640x274.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 688px) 100vw, 688px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>Figure 3. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The entry (left) for \u201covariotomy\u201d from Volume VII of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/in.ernet.dli.2015.73204\/page\/n293\/mode\/2up?q=ovariotomy\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">New English Dictionary<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (1909), with the citation from <em>The <\/em><\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">BMJ<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> at the end, attributed to 28 January 1882, misquoting and misdating the original entry on page 184 of <em>The <\/em><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/content\/bmj\/1\/1102\/184.full.pdf\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">BMJ<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> on 11 February 1882 (right)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><em><strong>Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong>\u00a0is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford&#8217;s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>Competing interests:<\/strong> none declared.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-50710\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/07\/aronson_integer_23_jul.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"698\" height=\"2458\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/07\/aronson_integer_23_jul.jpg 698w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/07\/aronson_integer_23_jul-85x300.jpg 85w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/07\/aronson_integer_23_jul-291x1024.jpg 291w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/07\/aronson_integer_23_jul-436x1536.jpg 436w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2021\/07\/aronson_integer_23_jul-640x2254.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 698px) 100vw, 698px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>1) <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2021\/05\/07\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-weighty-words\/\">https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2021\/05\/07\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-weighty-words\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>2) <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2020\/04\/24\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-exponential-finances-increasing-decreasing\/\">https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2020\/04\/24\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-exponential-finances-increasing-decreasing\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Last week I analysed citations in the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) taken from the Oxford Textbook of Medicine (OTM). This week I have looked at OED citations taken from The [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2021\/07\/16\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-the-bmj-in-the-oed\/\">More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":419,"featured_media":38359,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5762],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-50674","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jeff-aronsons-words"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Jeffrey Aronson: When I Use a Word . . . 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