{"id":50620,"date":"2021-07-09T11:18:27","date_gmt":"2021-07-09T10:18:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=50620"},"modified":"2021-07-23T10:29:44","modified_gmt":"2021-07-23T09:29:44","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-the-otm-in-the-oed","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2021\/07\/09\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-the-otm-in-the-oed\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I Use a Word . . . The OTM in the OED"},"content":{"rendered":"

Last week<\/span><\/a> I pointed out that some errors in citations from the <\/span>Oxford Textbook of Medicine<\/span><\/i> (<\/span>OTM<\/span><\/i>) had been corrected in the latest set of additions to the <\/span>OED<\/span><\/i>. This has prompted me to look more closely at the quotations from the <\/span>OTM<\/span><\/i> that appear in <\/span>OED<\/span><\/i> citations.<\/span><\/p>\n

The <\/span>OED<\/span><\/i> contains 246 quotations from different editions of the <\/span>OTM<\/span><\/i> under 228 different headwords: 74 from the first edition (1983), 157 from the second (1987), and 15 from later editions. Each citation consists of a quotation and the source from which it comes. The distribution of the numbers of quotations under the 228 headwords is shown in Figure 1.<\/span><\/p>\n

Figure 1.<\/b> The distribution of numbers of citations under each of 228 headwords in the OED having at least one citation from the <\/span>OTM<\/span><\/i> (18 have two)<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Why does the dictionary contain so many citations from the OTM? For comparison, all other books with the word \u201ctextbook\u201d plus \u201cmedical\u201d or \u201cmedicine\u201d in their titles contribute only 35, the nearest rival being Derrick Dunlop, with or without my erstwhile teacher, Stanley Alstead, both Scottish professors of therapeutics; their <\/span>Textbook of Medical Treatment<\/span><\/i> (1939, 1961, and 1966) notches up 13 citations in all.<\/span><\/p>\n

The <\/span>OTM<\/span><\/i> and <\/span>OED<\/span><\/i> share the same publisher. But the Oxford lexicographers have clear-cut criteria for choosing specific quotations to include, which transcend parochial interests. For example, the <\/span>Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine<\/span><\/i> and the <\/span>Oxford Handbook of Medical Sciences<\/span><\/i> have contributed only one citation each, while Passmore & Robson\u2019s <\/span>Companion to Medical Studies<\/span><\/i> has 302. It and the <\/span>OTM<\/span><\/i> have been quoted so often because they are such rich sources of material.<\/span><\/p>\n

The first citation under each headword is the earliest instance that the lexicographers have found. In the <\/span>OTM<\/span><\/i> collection there is only one such case. Marburg disease and the Marburg virus were first described in 1967 by Siegert et al. from the Hygiene-Institut der Universit\u00e4t Marburg\/Lahn, in a <\/span>paper<\/span><\/a> published in the <\/span>Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift<\/span><\/i>. They noted that some laboratory technicians and animal-house workers at the Behringwerke in Marburg and the Paul-Ehrlich Institute in Frankfurt, who had been in contact with monkeys or their blood or tissues, developed a haemorrhagic fever, which they traced to a virus that had not previously been described. The English term \u201cMarburg virus\u201d first appeared in <\/span>The Lancet<\/span><\/i> in <\/span>June 1968<\/span><\/a> and \u201cMarburg disease\u201d in the CDC\u2019s <\/span>Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report<\/span><\/i> in <\/span>December<\/span><\/a> of that year. However, just as one might talk of \u201cEbola\u201d rather than \u201cEbola fever\u201d, one can talk about \u201cMarburg\u201d rather than \u201cMarburg disease\u201d. Here is the quoted example from the 1983 edition of the OTM, in a chapter by ETW Bowen and DIH Simpson: \u201cOn 15 January 1980 Marburg reappeared, this time in Kenya\u201d. But here is the title of a paper that appeared in <\/span>The Lancet<\/span><\/i> on 12 March 1977: \u201cAfter Marburg, Ebola\u201d; this antedates the <\/span>OED<\/span><\/i>\u2019s earliest cited instance by 6 years and gives <\/span>The Lancet<\/span><\/i> a double whammy of firsts. This is just one of 40 antedatings I have found of the earliest citations given under the 228 headwords to which the <\/span>OTM<\/span><\/i> has contributed examples (Figure 2); about half of them come from The <\/em><\/span>BMJ<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Figure 2.<\/b> The distribution of the numbers of years by which 40 of the 228 headwords can be antedated<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Earliest quotations earn entry by being the earliest identified. However, later quotations need more than that. The first editors of the <\/span>OED<\/span><\/i> (the <\/span>New English Dictionary<\/span><\/i> as they called it) intended each headword to have at least one citation from each century, although that was not always possible; sometimes only one citation could be found, which had to do; when no recent citation could be found for a word that was still in current use the editors would make up an example. \u201cPlaster\u201d is a good example; the dictionary includes two citations from Old English, one or two from each century from the 14<\/span>th<\/span> to the 19<\/span>th<\/span>, and four from the 20<\/span>th<\/span>, including one from the <\/span>OTM<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sometimes a quotation is included in order to show that a word is not obsolete or rare; 30 of the <\/span>OTM<\/span><\/i> examples may have been chosen for that reason, when the lag between the penultimate and the last entry is long enough, say more than 25 years (Figure 3).<\/span><\/p>\n

Figure 3.<\/b> The distribution of lag times between the penultimate quotation and the last quotation under a headword, when the last quotation is from the <\/span>OTM<\/span><\/i>; when the lag is an arbitrary 26 years or more, as it is in 30 cases, the quotation shows that the word is still in current use<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

But the best reason for including a quotation is that it demonstrates some facet of the meaning of the word, particularly one that has not been demonstrated by previous quotations. Some good examples from the <\/span>OTM<\/span><\/i> are listed in Table 1. Many of the <\/span>OTM<\/span><\/i> entries in the <\/span>OED<\/span><\/i> fulfil this criterion.<\/span><\/p>\n

The <\/span>OED<\/span><\/i> has chosen a rich collection of medical quotations from a thorough textbook.<\/span><\/p>\n

Table 1.<\/b> An A to Z of <\/span>OTM<\/span><\/i> definitions from the <\/span>OED<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong>\u00a0is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford’s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Competing interests:<\/strong> none declared.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Last week I pointed out that some errors in citations from the Oxford Textbook of Medicine (OTM) had been corrected in the latest set of additions to the OED. This […]<\/p>\n

More…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":419,"featured_media":38359,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5762],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-50620","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jeff-aronsons-words"],"yoast_head":"\nJeffrey Aronson: When I Use a Word . . . The OTM in the OED - The BMJ<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2021\/07\/09\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-the-otm-in-the-oed\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Jeffrey Aronson: When I Use a Word . . . 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