{"id":50573,"date":"2021-07-02T17:07:50","date_gmt":"2021-07-02T16:07:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=50573"},"modified":"2021-07-09T11:18:41","modified_gmt":"2021-07-09T10:18:41","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-new-medical-words-in-the-oed-june-2021","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2021\/07\/02\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-new-medical-words-in-the-oed-june-2021\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I Use a Word . . . New medical words in the OED, June 2021"},"content":{"rendered":"

The <\/span>Oxford English Dictionary<\/span><\/i> (<\/span>OED<\/span><\/i>) is updated every three months (\u201con a quarterly basis\u201d <\/span>as they put it<\/span><\/a>\u2014they mean \u201cquarterly\u201d). The latest list of updates and additions, published in June 2021, contains 675 main items in four categories, plus other changes:<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Words that are completely new to the dictionary<\/i><\/b> This list (196 entries, of which 55 have two new definitions each) starts with \u201cA2P\u201d (a type of electronic messaging system) and ends with \u201cwildland\u201d.<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. New sub-entries<\/i><\/b> Compound words or phrases that are now included under other headwords (169 entries). The list starts with \u201cAmazonian Indian\u201d and ends with \u201cwage theft\u201d.<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. New senses of old words<\/i><\/b> This list (270 entries) starts with \u201camar\u201d, an Old English word, long obsolete, meaning \u201c<\/span>to hamper or hinder (a person or action)\u201d and \u201cto ruin or destroy (a person or people)\u201d<\/span>. It ends with \u201cwindmill\u201d, a style of underarm delivery, chiefly in softball.<\/span><\/li>\n
  4. Additions to unrevised entries<\/i><\/b> New senses, compound words, or phrases that were already included as draft entries appended to the end of existing entries, now fully incorporated (40 entries). These are also included in the other categories.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    In addition to these, etymologies have been revised and errors corrected (Figure 1).<\/span><\/p>\n

    Figure 1.<\/b> An example of a correction to an <\/span>OED<\/span><\/i> entry, posted in June 2021; the author of the first citation was not Edelman (top panel), but Edelson (bottom panel); also corrected in June 2021 are over 200 citations from different editions of the <\/span>Oxford Textbook of Medicine<\/span><\/i>, previously attributed to its editors \u201cJ. Weatherall et al.\u201d, now corrected to \u201cD. J. Weatherall et al.\u201d; however, the authors of the chapters from which the citations were taken are mostly not credited<\/span><\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    Items new to the dictionary do not have to have been recently coined\u2014the dictionary is constantly catching up. Figure 2 shows a frequency distribution of the numbers of entries whose first citations date from each century since 1100; some are surprisingly old. The most recent dates of citations are also shown\u2014newly added words may already be rare or obsolete.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Figure 2.<\/b>
    \nLeft: <\/span><\/i>Frequency distribution of the dates of the earliest citations of 622 new entries in the <\/span>OED<\/span><\/i>, June 2021 (excludes entries that cite Old English texts)<\/span>
    \nRight: <\/span><\/i>Frequency distribution of the dates of the latest citations of 70 new entries in the <\/span>OED<\/span><\/i>, June 2021, whose dates are no later than 1999 (excludes hapax legomena)<\/span><\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    The newly entered words of medical interest are listed in Table 1. Pharmacological interest in the list is limited to one medicament and one adverse drug reaction.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Table 1.<\/b> New medically relevant entries in the <\/span>OED<\/span><\/i> included in the <\/span>June 2021 list<\/span><\/a> of updates<\/span><\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    The medicament is remdesivir, originally code named <\/span>GS-5734<\/span><\/a>, a phosphoramidate derivative of adenosine (Figure 3). When parsing the origin of a drug name it is best to start at the end and work backwards. The \u2013vir in remdesivir is a common suffix (as in aciclovir) or infix (as in delavirdine) indicating an antiviral action; \u2013desi\u2013 is derived from components of a<\/span>de<\/span>no<\/span>si<\/span>ne; and the prefix rem\u2013 is what is known as a fantasy prefix, an often meaningless set of letters chosen by the manufacturer to distinguish its product from others with the same ending. For example, the sim\u2013 in simvastatin and the ator\u2013 in atorvastatin distinguish them from other statins. Some prefixes are whimsical rather than arbitrary. For example, Piero Sensi and his colleagues at Dow\u2013Lepetit Research Laboratories in Milan used to give new compounds nicknames; <\/span>matamycin<\/span><\/a>, for example, they named after Mara Hari, and the <\/span>rifamycins<\/span><\/a>, such as rifampicin, after Jules Dassin\u2019s 1955 French heist movie, <\/span>Rififi<\/span><\/i>, full title <\/span>Du rififi chez les hommes<\/span><\/i>, which roughly translates as \u201cmen behaving badly\u201d. It was hoped that remdesivir might prove beneficial in SARS-CoV2, by inhibiting the virus\u2019s RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. However, a viral \u201cproofreading\u201d <\/span>exonuclease<\/span><\/a> repairs the damage done by the drug. The WHO has <\/span>advised<\/span><\/a> against using remdesivir to treat covid-19.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Figure 3<\/b><\/a>. <\/b>Remdesivir enters cells, where the phosphoramidate carrier is hydrolysed by esterases and the active triphosphorylated analogue of adenosine (also shown) is formed by intracellular nucleoside-phosphate kinases<\/span><\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    The adverse drug reaction newly recorded in the <\/span>OED<\/span><\/i> is cognitive impairment associated with various chemotherapeutic drugs. It was described <\/span>over 40 years ago<\/span><\/a> and later given the sobriquet \u201cchemo brain\u201d. The earliest citation is from 1991 in the <\/span>San Francisco Chronicle<\/span><\/i>. It is also known as \u201c<\/span>chemo-fog<\/span><\/a>\u201d, which deserves its own dictionary entry.<\/span><\/p>\n

    I also note a new entry on \u201cfestschrift\u201d, which I wrote about in this column in <\/span>May 2019<\/span><\/a>. I pointed out that although the original meaning of the word, literally \u201ccelebratory writing\u201d in German, was \u201ca collection of writings forming a volume presented to a scholar or savant on the occasion of his attaining a certain age or period in his career\u201d, today it has come to mean a symposium at which such papers are presented. The dictionary has now caught up with this. The first definition has been changed to \u201c1. A collection of writings published in honour of a scholar, usually to mark a significant birthday, retirement, etc\u201d to match a new definition: \u201c2. A symposium held to honour a scholar or eminent person in a particular field of study, usually to mark a significant birthday, retirement, etc\u201d. However, a footnote adds \u201cTypically, the papers from the collection of writings described at sense 1 are presented during the symposium.\u201d This is not my experience; often the papers are published after the meeting, sometimes not at all.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong>\u00a0is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford’s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

    Competing interests:<\/strong> none declared.<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    1) https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2021\/04\/16\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-new-and-not-so-new-medical-words\/<\/a>
    \n2)     https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2021\/05\/14\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-omics<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is updated every three months (\u201con a quarterly basis\u201d as they put it\u2014they mean \u201cquarterly\u201d). The latest list of updates and additions, published in June […]<\/p>\n

    More…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":419,"featured_media":38359,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5762],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-50573","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jeff-aronsons-words"],"yoast_head":"\nJeffrey Aronson: When I Use a Word . . . New medical words in the OED, June 2021 - The BMJ<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2021\/07\/02\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-new-medical-words-in-the-oed-june-2021\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Jeffrey Aronson: When I Use a Word . . . 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