{"id":50382,"date":"2021-06-04T07:23:24","date_gmt":"2021-06-04T06:23:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=50382"},"modified":"2021-06-04T07:23:24","modified_gmt":"2021-06-04T06:23:24","slug":"ann-robinsons-research-reviews-4-june-2021","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2021\/06\/04\/ann-robinsons-research-reviews-4-june-2021\/","title":{"rendered":"Ann Robinson\u2019s research reviews\u20144 June 2021"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"standfirst\">Ann Robinson reviews the latest research from the top medical journals<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><b>ADHD: children as young as 5 years old on medication<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the US, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">around 2.4% of preschool children (under 6 years old) are diagnosed with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The standard treatment is behavioural modification, followed by medication with stimulants (methylphenidate) or, in around 25% of cases, \u03b1-<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u2009adrenergic agonists (guanfacine or clonidine), for which there\u2019s not much evidence of efficacy or safety. This <a href=\"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jama\/article-abstract\/2779699\">retrospective review of health records of 497 children<\/a> with a median age of just 5\u2009years old found improvement in 66% of those receiving \u03b1-<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u2009adrenergic agonists versus 78% of those taking stimulants and flagged up differences in adverse effect profiles. Daytime sleepiness was a more common side effect of \u03b1<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u2009adrenergic agonists (38% <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">v<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 3%), whereas appetite suppression was a more common reported effect of stimulants (38% <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">v<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 7%). Alarmingly, over a third of the children were put straight on to medication with no record of a behavioural intervention.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">JAMA<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> doi:10.1001\/jama.2021.6118<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Access to a liver transplant<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Most people who need a liver transplant die before they get one. The main reason is a lack of donor organs, but delays in referral are also to blame according to <a href=\"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamainternalmedicine\/article-abstract\/2780018\">this large US cohort study of 34\u2009494 veterans<\/a> with cirrhosis. Only 1.6% of the cohort received a transplant within three years; 95% were never referred, and 40% weren\u2019t put on the waiting list despite being eligible. Inequity of access occurred primarily at the initial referral stage. Those with comorbidities, aged over 70 years, on lower income, African American, or with alcohol related liver damage were less likely to be referred. The study was observational, so causality can\u2019t be demonstrated and there may have been other factors affecting clinicians\u2019 decisions. Tracking the whole process would be a good start in addressing these grim statistics.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">JAMA Intern Med <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">doi:10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.2051<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Aspirin: less is more<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">What\u2019s the best dose of aspirin to reduce the risk of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in people with known cardiovascular disease, while keeping the risk of major bleeds to a minimum? <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2102137?query=featured_home\">This pragmatic trial<\/a> found that a higher dose of 325\u2009mg aspirin was no better or safer than 81\u2009mg, and patients were more likely to continue taking the lower dose. In both groups, death or hospitalisation for stroke or myocardial infarction occurred in around 7%, and major bleeds in a reassuringly low 0.6% of patients. Results could have been skewed by the open-label design, which meant that patients often switched doses\u2014usually from 325\u2009mg to 81\u2009mg\u2014and many patients had already been taking 81\u2009mg aspirin before the study. But generally the lower dose seems\u00a0 to be as effective and safe as the higher dose, as well as being more acceptable to patients.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">N Engl J Med <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">doi:10.1056\/NEJMoa2102137<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Kangaroo style parenting<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Should human mothers behave more like kangaroos? \u201cKangaroo mother care\u201d is the delightful name for keeping newborn infants in continuous contact with the mother&#8217;s chest and exclusively breast feeding the baby. Apparently, it\u2019s one of the most effective ways of preventing death in low birthweight infants. The WHO currently recommends short bursts of kangaroo mothering once the baby\u2019s condition is stable. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2026486?query=featured_home\">But this large study<\/a> across several low-resource hospitals found that starting continuous kangaroo mother care immediately after birth in low birthweight infants (1.0 to 1.799\u2009kg) improved neonatal mortality by 25% compared with waiting for stabilisation (28 day mortality 12% <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">v<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 16%) and reduced sepsis and hypothermia. There\u2019s no way of knowing whether the benefit was due to the simple presence of the mother or whether having the baby clamped to her chest for a minimum 17 hours a day made a difference. The study may not be widely generalisable, as around 20% of the low birthweight babies couldn\u2019t be enrolled because either the baby or mother was too unwell.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">N Engl J Med <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">doi:10.1056\/NEJMoa2026486<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>New radiotracer improves prostate cancer outcome<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lancet\/article\/PIIS0140-6736%2821%2900581-X\/fulltext?rss=yes\">this open-label, phase II\/III trial<\/a>, men who had recurrent or persistent prostate cancer despite a radical prostatectomy, showed a 12% improvement in event-free survival at three years when advanced molecular imaging using a new PET radiotracer, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">18<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">F-fluciclovine, was used to guide decisions about final radiotherapy treatment compared with standard imaging. There was no significant increase in toxicity. Randomised trials of imaging tests with endpoints of primary cancer control are few and far between. Most focus on diagnostics and decision making. Longer follow-up would be useful to see whether the survival advantage is maintained.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lancet<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> doi:10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00581-X<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ann Robinson is an NHS GP and health writer and broadcaster<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ann Robinson reviews the latest research from the top medical journals [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2021\/06\/04\/ann-robinsons-research-reviews-4-june-2021\/\">More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":66,"featured_media":45282,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18902],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-50382","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-weekly-research-reviews"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - 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