{"id":50353,"date":"2021-05-28T16:29:04","date_gmt":"2021-05-28T15:29:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=50353"},"modified":"2021-06-03T08:48:11","modified_gmt":"2021-06-03T07:48:11","slug":"conflicts-of-interest-in-the-post-lansley-nhs-from-a-regulated-to-an-unregulated-healthcare-market","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2021\/05\/28\/conflicts-of-interest-in-the-post-lansley-nhs-from-a-regulated-to-an-unregulated-healthcare-market\/","title":{"rendered":"Conflicts of interest in the post Lansley NHS\u2014from a regulated to an unregulated healthcare market?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The common perception of the UK g<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">overnment\u2019s\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/960548\/integration-and-innovation-working-together-to-improve-health-and-social-care-for-all-web-version.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">recent proposals on reforming the NHS<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/986770\/Queen_s_Speech_2021_-_Background_Briefing_Notes..pdf\">announced in the recent Queen&#8217;s Speech<\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">is that it represents the moment when the government finally turned its back on private sector involvement in the NHS and overturned the market-based orthodoxy in health policy which stretches back almost three<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">decades to the internal market reforms of the early 1990s.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This interpretation, however, is<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">flawed as it fails to recognise the extent to which market-based provision is now deeply embedded in England\u2019s health and social care system, and wrongly assumes that the changes to the NHS\u2019s institutional structure proposed in the white p<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">a<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">per will bring about a radical shift in the role of the private sector in the delivery of healthcare.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The overall percentage of NHS expenditure which is used to buy healthcare from an array of private providers\u2014excluding GPs\u2014<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.lse.ac.uk\/politicsandpolicy\/nhs-spending-on-the-independent-sector\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">is currently around 18%, or \u00a321 billion a year.<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> At the local level clinical commissioning groups (CCGs)\u2014the bodies which currently purchase health<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">care services on behalf of their local populations\u2014spend on average around \u00a31 in every \u00a36 purchasing health<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">care from outside the NHS:\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transparency.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf\/publications\/How%20well%20are%20conficts%20of%20interest%20managed%20in%20local%20NHS%20Commissioning%20in%20England.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">many are now spending over a fifth of their budget on private providers.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Prior to the pandemic almost\u00a0one<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ifs.org.uk\/publications\/14593\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">in three<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ifs.org.uk\/publications\/14593\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">NHS funded hip replacement operations<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0took place in private hospitals,\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/chpi.org.uk\/papers\/reports\/plugging-the-leaks-in-the-uk-care-home-industry\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">and almost all provision of care home and home care services<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u2014which the w<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">hite p<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">aper wants to see integrated with NHS care\u2014is now provided by private providers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Add in the fact the NHS has\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/3aab4ef6-6f2b-4726-87aa-40071ad80544\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">recently outsourced \u00a310 billion worth of clinical services to be provided by private hospitals over the next four<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/3aab4ef6-6f2b-4726-87aa-40071ad80544\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">years<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and it is clear that the current government remains highly committed to providing new market opportunities for multi-national healthcare companies, irrespective of the proposal in the w<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">hite p<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">aper to remove the legal requirement on the NHS to put services out to competitive tender.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">If buying health and social care services from market-based providers will continue to be a major feature of the English healthcare system, the question arises what type of market this will be, and how it will be regulated, particularly when the reforms are being sold on the basis that much of the architecture underpinning the market will be stripped away.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The w<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">hite p<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">aper proposes three<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">major changes to the NHS market framework introduced by the 2012 Health and Social Care Act.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A clear distinction between those buying healthcare for their local populations and those providing them\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the purchaser provider split\u2014will no longer exist. The purchasing bodies CCGs set up under the 2012 Act will be abolished and decisions taken about who will provide services will transfer to a loose and relatively informal collaboration of different NHS bodies and local authorities known as Integrated Care Systems (ICS)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Public procurement rules governing the tendering and awarding of contracts for services will no longer apply to NHS bodies with an unspecified&#8221; provider selection regime&#8221; being put in its place<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Economic regulation of the market in the form of price setting and the application of competition law to purchaser and provider behaviour will also be significantly watered down.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">But it is not possible to remove the regulatory framework for a multi-billion pound healthcare market and put nothing in its place\u2014as the w<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">hite p<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">aper intends to do\u2014without creating serious risks to the integrity of the service.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">One major area of concern are the institutional arrangements for Integrated Care Systems, which are likely to foster an array of conflicts of interest, with the potential to seriously undermine the probity and transparency of local decision-making.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">While<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">exact institutional arrangements for ICS\u2019s appear to be left for local elites to determine, it is expected that provider organisations\u2014such as NHS Trusts, GP confederations, and potentially private sector providers\u2014will sit on the boards of ICS\u2019s and will determine between themselves which of them are to provide which services, and on what terms. <\/span>This will inevitably mean that those organisations who issue contracts for the provision of local healthcare services will also be involved providing them, thus institutionalising conflicted interests at the heart of the new NHS structure.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nao.org.uk\/report\/managing-conflicts-of-interest-in-nhs-clinical-commissioning-groups\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Audit Office raised significant probity concerns a<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">bout this model of healthcare commissioning in 2015 after a decision by NHS England to allow\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">CCGs\u2014which are in effect GP membership organisations\u2014to purchase primary care services from their own members. The NAO found that this created major conflicts of interest and &#8220;a risk that commissioners may put, or be perceived to put, personal interests ahead of patients\u2019 interests.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transparency.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf\/publications\/How%20well%20are%20conficts%20of%20interest%20managed%20in%20local%20NHS%20Commissioning%20in%20England.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Research for Transparency International<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> found that this risk<\/span>\u00a0<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">was indeed significant. In 2019, \u00a31.5 billion was paid by CCGs to companies associated with their own board members to provide primary care services\u2014an institutionalised conflict of interest that would not be tolerated anywhere else in the UK public sector.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>In addition to concerns about how contracts are awarded, the problems of institutionalised conflicts of interest within ICS\u2019s are likely to emerge if locally commissioned healthcare services fail to deliver\u2014how providers who are represented on the boards of an ICS will be held to account in the event of a contractual breach or a service failure for which they are responsible is an issue on which the white paper remains silent.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">accountability gap at the heart of the proposed reforms is likely to be made worse by the removal of the public sector contract regulations from the NHS,\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/uksi\/2013\/500\/regulation\/6\/made\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">regulations which require contracts to be subject to open competition and which explicitly prohibits conflicts of interest between contracting parties.<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The proposed loosening of competition law in relation to providers of NHS services is also problematic, particularly as growing numbers of multi-national healthcare companies are seeking to gain a foothold in the UK market, including in the provision of primary care services.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">While media reports have covered the recent purchase of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/content\/372\/bmj.n519\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">37 GP p<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/content\/372\/bmj.n519\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">ractices in London by the US Healthcare c<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/content\/372\/bmj.n519\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">orporation Centene<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, making it the largest corporate provider of GP practices in the English NHS, little attention has been paid to the fact that, according to the Competition and Markets Authority Centene\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/media\/5ec3e28cd3bf7f5d411ada9c\/SLC_full_text_decision.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">also owns \u201cat least\u201d 25% of the Circle Group<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, which is now the largest private acute hospital provider in the UK, following its takeover of BMI last year.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Like most of the private hospitals in the UK, the hospitals acquired by Circle generate <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/f9a345b8-11e9-11ea-a7e6-62bf4f9e548a\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">a large proportion of their income (around 40%)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0from treating NHS patients who are referred to their hospitals by GP practices, so it is an astute move by Centene to have secured a significant financial interest in both the primary and secondary care parts of the NHS market<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, such an arrangement again holds out the possibility that conflicts of interests may arise and raises\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/chpi.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/FINAL-REPORT-POUNDS-4-PATIENTS-070619.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">further questions about how to prevent the decision-making of clinicians from being influenced by financial considerations<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, particularly those working in the increasingly corporatised primary care sector.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As long as the NHS relies on private companies to deliver NHS services it will require a highly effective form of market regulation to protect it against the well-documented tendency of for-profit healthcare companies the world over to\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/news\/cma-imposes-12m-in-fines-for-price-fixing-in-private-eyecare\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">fix prices<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">,\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/oig.hhs.gov\/fraud\/enforcement\/?type=criminal-and-civil-actions\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">generate illegitimate income through fraud<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/atr\/page\/file\/1077686\/download\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, engage in collusive and monopolistic behaviour<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nao.org.uk\/report\/government-procurement-during-the-covid-19-pandemic\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">win public sector contracts through cronyism<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Simply shifting the policy goal of the NHS from competition to collaboration will not mitigate these risks. Parliament will need to consider ways in which it can amend the proposed reforms to introduce a new form of market regulation which is effective in protecting the public interest.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>David Rowland<\/strong>, Centre for Health and the Public Interest.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Competing interests<\/strong>: None declared<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The common perception of the UK government\u2019s\u00a0recent proposals on reforming the NHS\u00a0announced in the recent Queen&#8217;s Speech is that it represents the moment when the government finally turned its back [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2021\/05\/28\/conflicts-of-interest-in-the-post-lansley-nhs-from-a-regulated-to-an-unregulated-healthcare-market\/\">More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":66,"featured_media":46507,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[236],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-50353","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nhs"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Conflicts of interest in the post Lansley NHS\u2014from a regulated to an unregulated healthcare market? 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