{"id":48698,"date":"2020-09-30T07:44:53","date_gmt":"2020-09-30T06:44:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=48698"},"modified":"2020-09-30T07:49:12","modified_gmt":"2020-09-30T06:49:12","slug":"vaccines-for-covid-19-reasons-for-hope-but-first-for-concern","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2020\/09\/30\/vaccines-for-covid-19-reasons-for-hope-but-first-for-concern\/","title":{"rendered":"Vaccines for covid-19: reasons for hope, but first for concern"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Covid-19 has spread around the world causing fear and global economic disruption. The rate of transmission has not been reduced effectively and natural herd immunity is currently far from a reality. All hopes are being placed on the development of a vaccine. This process is happening remarkably quickly<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">there are <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">167 vaccines candidates, 30 of which are in clinical evaluation<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The World Health Organization (WHO) has exercised some leadership, and launched the Access to COVID 19 Tools Accelerator (ACT) in April 2020. The vaccines pillar of ACT\u2019s efforts is targeted at ensuring promising, safe, and effective vaccines, appropriate for regulated production.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This is commendable, but it&#8217;s not enough. Rather than opting for <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/368\/6494\/945\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">international collaboration<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">,<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> which would have better harnessed collective scientific energy, an international commercial race has been set up to see who develops a vaccine first.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">We believe that pharmaceutical companies should not be announcing preliminary results. This only raises the companies\u2019 share on the stock market. Fundamental stages of the vaccine development process must not be skipped or under-reported, as we saw when the Russian president announced that it was the first country with a vaccine. The <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/joshmich\/status\/1298320503040544771\/photo\/1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">UK and US have ordered enough doses of vaccine for about 5x their population<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the EU around 3x the population; all this <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/uk.reuters.com\/article\/us-health-coronavirus-eu-vaccination\/eu-eyes-initial-covid-19-vaccination-for-at-least-40-of-population-idUKKBN25M1KW\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">limiting access to vaccination for those most in need globally.<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> This mass pre-ordering also runs a risk for the buyers: invest all your budget in a vaccine that proves unsafe, or ineffective, and how do you afford the next ones in line that do work? This possibility has been thrown into sharp relief recently with <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/09\/19\/health\/astrazeneca-vaccine-safety-blueprints.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">concerns over the Astra-Zeneca vaccine\u2019s safety.<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">We are facing not only commercial interests, but also <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-us-canada-53899908\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">nationalism spiced up by the politics of the crisis<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Our aim should be to ensure substantial evidence where the benefits outweigh the risks. At present, the situation in which vaccines are developed is medically, socially, and morally unclear, and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/europepmc.org\/article\/med\/32498742#impact\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">we need an ethical way forward<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To minimise the problems and maximise the benefits associated with covid-19 vaccines, we think the following are essential.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Research and development<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reliable information on safety and efficacy is indispensable. The WHO, or a delegated entity without commercial or political interests linked to the country behind the vaccine, should monitor and report on vaccine development to ensure there are no inappropriate shortcuts.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Given that vaccines may <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aappublications.org\/news\/2017\/09\/26\/IDSnapshot092617\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">contain preservatives, adjuvants, or additives (to prevent contamination, enhance antigen-specific immune responses and stabilise live, attenuated viruses), <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/story\/2020\/04\/how-a-new-vaccine-adjuvant-might-shorten-race-to-covid-19-immunity\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">detailed composition of every covid-19 vaccine<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> should be transparent to ensure the best fit of candidates for each vaccine.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Assuming there will be several final vaccines to choose from, thorough protocols should be developed detailing safety, side-effects, effectiveness and composition <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03638-6\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">to tailor who will receive what<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (by age group and vulnerability). \u200b\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Access and surveillance<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To safeguard fair access to vaccines once they are available, we need coordination and strategies. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nsr\/nwaa147\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">At the international level<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the European Union, WHO and United Nations should play an active role in ensuring universal, equal<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> access to covid-19 vaccines<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Given that presumably vaccine(s) will have to be distributed progressively within each country, then we will have to define who is vaccinated first, for example prioritising vulnerable groups and frontline health professionals.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">An institutional focal point for the covid-19 immunisation programme must be to enable a proper communication and delivery strategy.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It will be crucial to ensure the physical safety of the vaccines, and the workers guarding and administering them. Faced with a possible shortage, there might be people willing to attack frontline staff to get the covid-19 vaccine.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Before launching immunisation programmes<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">,<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41577-020-0372-8\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">seroprevalence and safety surveillance studies<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> must be operationally prepared. We need to ensure the effectiveness of vaccination programmes and to know when we reach a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdanderson.org\/cancerwise\/what-is-covid-19-coronavirus-herd-immunity-when-will-we-achieve-herd-immunity.h00-159383523.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">sufficient level of herd immunity to overcome covid-19<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Reliable communication<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Social media misinformation is <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.euronews.com\/2020\/08\/05\/misinformation-on-social-media-is-a-growing-threat-to-coronavirus-vaccine-efforts\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">a considerable threat to vaccine acceptability<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. According to recent evidence, only 30% of people in the countries surveyed would <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10198-020-01208-6\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">want to receive a covid-19 vaccine<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> soon after it became available. Increased mass communication to inform the public about vaccine availability, effectiveness and safety is crucial.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In brief, the evaluation of covid-19 vaccines should be objective, rigorous, transparent, equitable and appropriately communicated. This is essential if we are to understand the vaccines\u2019 composition, safety, and effectiveness in terms of immunity response, duration and potential side-effects. This will be challenging, but the expected reward is worth it<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">to end this pandemic once and for all.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><i>Jose M Martin-Moreno<\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is Professor of Preventive Medicine and Public Health at the Medical School and INCLIVA-Clinical Hospital, University of Valencia, Spain.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><b><i>Sandy Laham<\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is Master of Public Health student at \u00c9cole des Hautes \u00c9tudes en Sant\u00e9 Publique, France.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><b><i>Ranjeet Dhonkal <\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">is Master of Public Health student at HAW, University of Applied Sciences, Hamburg, Germany.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><b><i>Manfred Green<\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is <\/span><\/i><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Professor, School of Public Health, University of Haifa.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><b><i>John Middleton <\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">is President of the Association of Schools of Public Health in the European Region (ASPHER).<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><b><i>Competing interests:<\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> none declared.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Covid-19 has spread around the world causing fear and global economic disruption. The rate of transmission has not been reduced effectively and natural herd immunity is currently far from a [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2020\/09\/30\/vaccines-for-covid-19-reasons-for-hope-but-first-for-concern\/\">More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":48320,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[263],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-48698","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-global-health"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Vaccines for covid-19: reasons for hope, but first for concern - The BMJ<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2020\/09\/30\/vaccines-for-covid-19-reasons-for-hope-but-first-for-concern\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Vaccines for covid-19: reasons for hope, but first for concern - The BMJ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Covid-19 has spread around the world causing fear and global economic disruption. 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