{"id":48613,"date":"2020-09-18T17:45:25","date_gmt":"2020-09-18T16:45:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=48613"},"modified":"2020-09-25T16:59:10","modified_gmt":"2020-09-25T15:59:10","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-assessment","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2020\/09\/18\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-assessment\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I Use a Word . . . Assessment"},"content":{"rendered":"

With severe osteoarthritis in my left hip, I am due to have a hip replacement. My having been a wicket-keeper for over 30 years can\u2019t have helped, but I also have a long-standing deformity in that hip, and the right hip is fine. So today I went for a preoperative assessment.<\/span><\/p>\n

To assess the origins of \u201cassessment\u201d we must start with the IndoEuropean root SED, to put something down or sit.<\/span><\/p>\n

In Latin, SED gives the verb sed\u0113re, to sit. It\u2019s not obvious, but in Greek it gives the verb \u1f35\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, to sit. The <\/span>S<\/span><\/i> in the IndoEuropean root becomes an aspirate in Greek (see Box 1).<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Add to \u1f35\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd the prefix <\/span>\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4<\/span><\/i>\u03ac<\/span><\/i>, down, and you get <\/span>\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>, to sit down. Akathisia is an inability to sit still, associated with an inner feeling of restlessness. It is sometimes caused by dopamine receptor antagonists, such as chlorpromazine and haloperidol. The focal form of akathisia, the restless legs syndrome, <\/span>also<\/span><\/a> called Ekbom\u2019s syndrome or Willis\u2013Ekbom disease, if severe, is sometimes treated with dopamine receptor agonists.<\/span><\/p>\n

Related to \u1f35\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd is the Greek verb \u1f15\u03b6\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9, which also means to sit. Add a suffix, \u1f10\u03c0\u03af, on or over, and we get the verb, <\/span>\u03c0\u03b9\u03ad\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span>,<\/span><\/i> to sit heavily on, to press down. This gives us the English prefix piezo-, referring to physical phenomena that are elicited by the application of pressure, such as the piezoelectric effect, piezomagnetism, and piezoresistance.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Greek nouns from<\/span> \u1f15\u03b6\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9<\/span> are <\/span>\u1f15\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 and \u1f15\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1, each meaning some form of seat. This gave -\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd, metaphorically referring to each base (or seat) of a many-sided three-dimensional figure, such as an octahedron or dodecahedron. The Greeks regarded each of the five regular polyhedra (tetrahedron, cube, octahedron, dodecahedron, and icosahedron), also called the Platonic solids, as being intrinsic to the construction of the universe.<\/span> In his <\/span>Mysterium Cosmographicum<\/span><\/i> (1596), the German astronomer Johannes Kepler proposed a model of the solar system in which the five Platonic solids sat inside one another, interlaid with a series of inscribed and circumscribed spheres (Figure 1).<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
Figure 1. Kepler\u2019s model of the universe<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Add <\/span>\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4<\/span><\/i>\u03ac<\/span><\/i> to \u1f15\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1 and you get \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1, a chair or throne, especially for a teacher, a professor, or a bishop. Anyone who speaks <\/span>ex cathedra<\/span><\/i> does so with authority, or more often with apparent authority. And a cathedral is where the bishop sits. In French a cathedra becomes a chaise, from which we have the now largely obsolete chaise-longue. In an essay titled \u201cThe First Mrs. Tanqueray\u201d in a collection called <\/span>While Rome Burns<\/span><\/i> (1934), the American critic Alexander Woollcott quoted Mrs Patrick Campbell as having referred to \u201cThe deep, deep peace of the double-bed after the hurly-burly of the chaise-longue\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Now add \u1f10\u03c0\u03af to \u1f15\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1 <\/span>and we get Ephedra, a genus of plants that trail along the ground, from which comes the adrenoceptor agonist ephedrine.<\/span><\/p>\n

In Latin SED gave sed\u0113re, to sit, giving us sit and seat and many other English words (Figure 2). Add the prefix ad, beside or towards, and you get ad sed\u0113re, contracted to assid\u0113re, literally to sit beside. An assessor was originally one who sat beside a judge or other official, as an assistant, giving advice. When I was Oxford University Assessor some years ago, an elderly visiting Royal asked me whom I assessed. I told her that I didn\u2019t assess anyone, but assisted the Proctors, Senior and Junior, the university officials appointed annually from among the rank and file of the university, primarily to take care of student discipline and to oversee examinations.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

An assessor was also one who assisted tax collectors, and so assessment came to mean fixing the rate of tax or determining the amount owed by an individual. From there it came to mean determining other matters, evaluating a person or thing or estimating the quality, value, or extent of anything.<\/span><\/p>\n

Assessment of people normally involves others, but these days we are all being encouraged to assess ourselves, as part of our personal development, and to plan our future work on the basis of the outcomes. Is this helpful, or are we fooling ourselves? I shall look at the evidence next week.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong>\u00a0is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford\u2019s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/p>\n

Competing interests:<\/strong>\u00a0None declared.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

With severe osteoarthritis in my left hip, I am due to have a hip replacement. My having been a wicket-keeper for over 30 years can\u2019t have helped, but I also […]<\/p>\n

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