{"id":48189,"date":"2020-08-03T15:35:44","date_gmt":"2020-08-03T14:35:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=48189"},"modified":"2020-08-07T15:14:49","modified_gmt":"2020-08-07T14:14:49","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-pseudonymy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2020\/08\/03\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-pseudonymy\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I Use a Word . . . Pseudonymy"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Have you ever used a pseudonym? There are many reasons for doing so.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The word \u201cpseudonym\u201d comes from two Greek words:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the combining form \u03c8\u03b5\u03c5\u03b4\u03bf- or \u03c8\u03b5\u03c5\u03b4- before a vowel, seen in words such as \u03c8\u03b5\u03c5\u03b4\u03ae\u03c2 false, \u03c8\u03b5\u1fe6\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 a falsehood, \u03c8\u03b5\u03cd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd to deceive or cheat, and \u03c8\u03b5\u03cd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 to be false or speak falsely;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the Doric word \u1f44\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1, a name, which when used as a suffix becomes \u2013\u03c9\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd; in English it becomes -onym. The Attic form of the word was slightly different, \u1f44\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1. Used as a prefix it becomes \u1f40\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc-, as in onomatopoeia and onomastics, the study of names. An onomasticon is a dictionary of proper names and onomasiology is the study of words that are connected to names, like quixotic, dahlia and other plants, and minerals, such as babingtonite, named after the Irish physician and mineralogist, William Babington. Babington trained at Guy&#8217;s Hospital, where he became an apothecary and later chief physician (picture).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2020\/08\/aronson_august.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-48194 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2020\/08\/aronson_august.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"111\" height=\"249\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">William Babington MD, FRS (1757\u20131833); fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. The inscription on his statue in St Paul&#8217;s Cathedral reads &#8220;Eminently distinguished for science; beloved for the simplicity of his manners, and the benevolence of his heart. Respected for his inflexible integrity, and his pure and unaffected piety. In all the relations of his professional life he was sagacious, candid, diligent, and humane, firm in purpose, gentle in execution; justly confident in his own judgment, yet generously open to the opinion of others; liberal and indulgent to his brethren but ever mindful of his duty to the public.\u201d<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">One of his sons, Benjamin Guy, also became a physician at Guy&#8217;s and his daughter Martha married Richard Bright<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Oxford English Dictionary<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> lists 41 words that end in \u2013onym (Box 1). Many stories about pseudonyms are collected in Adrian Room\u2019s onomasticon <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Naming Names<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (RKP, 1981).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2020\/08\/aronson_august2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-48196 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2020\/08\/aronson_august2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"377\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2020\/08\/aronson_august2.jpg 377w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2020\/08\/aronson_august2-300x246.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 377px) 100vw, 377px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Authors have often used pseudonyms. When female authors were poorly regarded, some published under male pseudonyms; Mary Ann Evans became George Eliot and Anne, Charlotte, and Emily Bront\u00eb became Acton, Currer, and Ellis Bell. Some men have published using female pseudonyms; Charles Hamilton, one of the most prolific authors of all time, best known as Frank Richards, the author of stories about Billy Bunter of Greyfriars School, used other names for stories about other schools; and when writing about Billy\u2019s sister, Bessie, he became Hilda Richards. If you want to sell and your output is prodigious, it is wise to choose pseudonyms; John Creasey, whose output ran to over 600 novels, published them under his own name and 28 pseudonyms, including Anthony Morton and J J Marric. Charles Lutwidge Dodgson became Lewis Carroll to distinguish his literary and mathematical work.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Film stars have often disguised themselves to hide mundane or otherwise undesirable names. To hide his foreign origins, Emanuel Goldenberg became Edward G Robinson. Maurice Mickelwhite became Michael Caine and Archie Leach became Cary Grant; Frances Ethel Gumm became Judy Garland and Diana Mary Fluck became Diana Dors.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Those who enter religious orders change their names to signify spiritual rebirth. Popes originally took on assumed names because their own were regarded as pagan.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Crossword compilers have traditionally used pseudonyms, either based on their own names or to signify some aspect of their craft. When Edward Powys Mather, a scholar of Persian literature, started publishing his torturous puzzles in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Observer<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> newspaper, he chose the name of one the Spanish inquisitors, Torquemada. His successor, Derrick MacNutt, a schoolmaster, chose another, Ximenes, and his successor, Jonathan Crowther, chose a third, Deza, but reversed it\u2014Azed. Eric Chalkley, an admirer of Ximenes (known as \u201cX\u201d), called himself Apex. Colin Dexter called himself Codex and insisted that compilers\u2019 pseudonyms should always include the letter X. My pseudonym for puzzles in the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Times Literary Supplement<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is the name of an ancient Greek sculptor, and it contains an X and the letters TLS.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A recent phenomenon in the world of pseudonyms is their use to hide identities in social media. Such names may turn out to be noms de guerre rather than merely noms de plume. They can make contributors feel safe in penning pejorative comments, encouraging trolls. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/gigaom.com\/2012\/01\/10\/pseudonyms-trolls-and-the-battle-over-online-identity\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Conversely<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, it has been claimed that pseudonymity encourages activity and results in a better class of comments. However, even only a relatively small amount of unpleasantness generated by pseudonymity, would, in my view, strongly argue against its use, even if on the whole it was beneficial for social media. There are problems, however. While most such pseudonyms are obviously pseudonymous, one could, presumably, call oneself, say, \u201cJohn Smith\u201d and create an impenetrable false identity behind which to hide.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">I am happy to engage with correspondents who write to me about things I have written, but not if they do so pseudonymously. If you want a discussion, tell me who you are.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><em><strong>Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong>\u00a0is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford&#8217;s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>Competing interests:<\/strong> None declared.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid black\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid black\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>This week&#8217;s interesting integer: 285<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b><strong>\u2022 <\/strong><\/b><a href=\"http:\/\/www.numbersaplenty.com\/set\/anti-perfect_number\/\">Antiperfect numbers<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u25cb<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A perfect number is one that is equal to the sum of its proper divisors. For example, the proper divisors of 6 are 1, 2, and 3, which add up to 6.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u25cb<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">An antiperfect number is one whose proper divisors reversed add up to the number.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u25cb<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The proper divisors of 285 are 1, 3, 5, 15, 19, 57, and 95.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u25cb<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The proper divisors reversed are therefore 1, 3, 5, 51, 91, 75, and 59, and these add up to 285.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u25cb<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are only five known antiperfect numbers: 6, 244, 285, 133857, and 141635817.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b><strong>\u2022 <\/strong><\/b>285 is the sum of different strings of integers:<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u25cb<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">two consecutive integers: 142 + 143 (but all odd numbers are the sums of two consecutive numbers);<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u25cb<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">three consecutive integers: 94 + 95 + 96<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u25cb<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">five consecutive integers: 55 + 56 + 57 + 58 + 59<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u25cb<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">six consecutive integers: 45 + 46 + 47 + 48 + 49 + 50<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u25cb<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">ten consecutive integers: 24 + 25 + 26 + 27 + 28 + 29 + 30 + 31 + 32 + 33<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u25cb<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">15 consecutive integers: 12 + 13 + 14 + 15 + 16 + 17 + 18 + 19 + 20 + 21 + 22 + 23 + 24 + 25 + 26<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u25cb<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">19 consecutive integers: 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10 + 11 + 12 + 13 + 14 + 15 + 16 + 17 + 18 + 19 + 20 + 21 + 22 + 23 + 24<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u25cb<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">285 is therefore a trapezoidal number seven times over (see Interesting integer <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2020\/06\/12\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-benefits-harms-and-three-tales-of-retractions\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">278<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2020\/06\/19\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-withdrawn\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">279<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">); such numbers are also called polite numbers, so 285 is very polite; indeed it is the sum of so many different types of number in so many ways that it might be called extra polite; this shows that 285 is also the difference between two triangular numbers in seven different ways:<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">T<sub>24<\/sub> \u2013 T<sub>5<\/sub> = 300 \u2013 15 = 285<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">T<sub>26<\/sub> \u2013 T<sub>11<\/sub> = 351 \u2013 66 = 285<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">T<sub>33<\/sub> \u2013 T<sub>23<\/sub> = 561 \u2013 276 = 285<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">T<sub>50<\/sub> \u2013 T<sub>44<\/sub> = 1275 \u2013 990 = 285<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">T<sub>59<\/sub> \u2013 T<sub>54<\/sub> = 1770 \u2013 1485 = 285<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">T<sub>96<\/sub> \u2013 T<sub>93<\/sub> = 4656 \u2013 4371 = 285<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">T<sub>143<\/sub> \u2013 T<sub>141<\/sub> = 10296 \u2013 10011 = 285<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u25cb<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">three consecutive odd numbers: 93 + 95 + 97<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u25cb<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">five consecutive odd numbers: 53 + 55 + 57 + 59 + 61<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u25cb<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">15 consecutive odd numbers: 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 + 21 + 23 + 25 + 27 + 29 + 31 + 33<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u25cb<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">three consecutive non-primes: 94 + 95 + 96<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u25cb<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">four consecutive non-primes: 69 + 70 + 72 + 74<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u25cb<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">three squares in four different ways:<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2<sup>2<\/sup> + 5<sup>2<\/sup> + 16<sup>2<\/sup><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">4<sup>2<\/sup> + 10<sup>2<\/sup> + 13<sup>2<\/sup><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">5<sup>2<\/sup> + 8<sup>2<\/sup> + 14<sup>2<\/sup><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">8<sup>2<\/sup> + 10<sup>2<\/sup> + 11<sup>2<\/sup><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u25cb<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">ten consecutive triangular numbers, from T<sub>2<\/sub> to T<sub>11<\/sub>: 3 + 6 + 10 + 15 + 21 + 28 + 36 + 45 + 55 + 66<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u25cb<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the first 9 squares: 1<sup>2<\/sup> + 2<sup>2<\/sup> + 3<sup>2<\/sup> + 4<sup>2<\/sup> + 5<sup>2<\/sup> + 6<sup>2<\/sup> + 7<sup>2<\/sup> + 8<sup>2<\/sup> + 9<sup>2<\/sup>; sums of consecutive squares are called square pyramidal numbers, and here is 285, in the shape of a square pyramid viewed from directly above<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2020\/08\/aronson_august3.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48197 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2020\/08\/aronson_august3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"261\" height=\"228\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b><strong>\u2022 <\/strong><\/b>285 is a lucky number (see Interesting integer <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2020\/02\/14\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-painkillers-a-linguistics-based-approach\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">261<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b><strong>\u2022 <\/strong><\/b>285 is a sphenic number, the product of three distinct primes, 3 \u00d7 5 \u00d7 19; it is therefore equal to the volume of a cuboid with sides of those lengths.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b><strong>\u2022 <\/strong><\/b>285 is a Harshad number (see Interesting integer <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2020\/06\/29\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-retractions-withdrawals-and-archives\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">280<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">), since it is divisible by the sum if its digits (15); divide 285 by 15 and the answer is a prime number, 19; that makes 285 a special kind of Harshad number, called a Moran number.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b><strong>\u2022 <\/strong><\/b>285 is a Curzon number, one for which 2n + 1 is a divisor of 2<sup>n<\/sup> + 1; thus, 571 is a divisor of\u00a0 2<sup>285<\/sup> + 1.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b><strong>\u2022 <\/strong><\/b>285 is the long leg of a primitive Pythagorean triangle: 68<sup>2<\/sup> + 285<sup>2<\/sup> = 293<sup>2<\/sup>; it is also the short leg of a different Pythagorean triangle (285<sup>2<\/sup> + 380<sup>2<\/sup> = 475<sup>2<\/sup>) and the hypotenuse of yet another Pythagorean triangle (171<sup>2<\/sup> + 228<sup>2<\/sup> = 285<sup>2<\/sup>), but those two are merely multiples of a 3, 4, 5 triangle and are therefore not primitive.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Have you ever used a pseudonym? There are many reasons for doing so. The word \u201cpseudonym\u201d comes from two Greek words: the combining form \u03c8\u03b5\u03c5\u03b4\u03bf- or \u03c8\u03b5\u03c5\u03b4- before a vowel, [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2020\/08\/03\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-pseudonymy\/\">More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":38359,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5762],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-48189","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jeff-aronsons-words"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Jeffrey Aronson: When I Use a Word . . . 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The word \u201cpseudonym\u201d comes from two Greek words: the combining form \u03c8\u03b5\u03c5\u03b4\u03bf- or \u03c8\u03b5\u03c5\u03b4- before a vowel, [...]More...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2020\/08\/03\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-pseudonymy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"The BMJ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/bmjdotcom\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-08-03T14:35:44+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-08-07T14:14:49+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2017\/02\/Jeffrey-Aronson.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"540\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"350\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"BMJ\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@bmj_latest\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@bmj_latest\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"BMJ\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bmj\\\/2020\\\/08\\\/03\\\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-pseudonymy\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bmj\\\/2020\\\/08\\\/03\\\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-pseudonymy\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"BMJ\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bmj\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/ba3da426ed20e8f1d933ca367d8216fe\"},\"headline\":\"Jeffrey Aronson: When I Use a Word . . . 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