{"id":47601,"date":"2020-05-22T18:56:34","date_gmt":"2020-05-22T17:56:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=47601"},"modified":"2020-06-01T15:06:18","modified_gmt":"2020-06-01T14:06:18","slug":"covid-19-we-are-not-all-in-it-together-less-privileged-in-society-are-suffering-the-brunt-of-the-damage","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2020\/05\/22\/covid-19-we-are-not-all-in-it-together-less-privileged-in-society-are-suffering-the-brunt-of-the-damage\/","title":{"rendered":"Covid-19: We are not \u201call in it together\u201d\u2014less privileged in society are suffering the brunt of the damage"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Just because the the UK&#8217;s prime minister Boris Johnson and the Prince of Wales have had covid-19 doesn\u2019t mean the disease strikes all people equally. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As with previous disasters throughout history, from the bubonic plague to the Grenfell Tower fire\u2014the people who are hardest hit are those already disadvantaged. By the middle of May the pandemic had claimed over 33 thousand lives in the UK, but once again we see this is a depressingly familiar pattern repeated. People living in the poorest areas are twice as likely to die from covid-19 as those in the wealthiest areas.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Black people are three to four times as likely to die compared to white people.<sup>2,3<\/sup><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Men in low-skilled jobs are four times more likely to die than professionals.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> It is clear that we are not \u201call in it together\u201d and the less privileged in society are suffering the brunt of the damage.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Crises such as the pandemic are a stress test of the systems that aim to protect the worst off in society, demonstrating the shortcomings of those systems, revealing the unequal distribution of exposure, vulnerability and consequences. These crises send shock waves through society, exposing existing vulnerabilities leading into cycles of consequences, from the initial deaths from the disease, to the economic and social repercussions of control measures. So far, we have only seen the first wave of impacts and the inequalities generated are likely to be amplified through subsequent waves.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">We need to learn from the existing wealth of knowledge on health inequalities to understand how these covid-19 related inequalities are generated in order to prevent them. The Diderichsen model (figure 1),<sup>5,6<\/sup><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> which has been highly influential in health inequalities research, provides a crucial framework for understanding how inequalities are likely to evolve during the pandemic, and when and where we can intervene to prevent the health divide further widening.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_47602\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-47602\" style=\"width: 815px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2020\/05\/image1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-47602 \" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2020\/05\/image1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"815\" height=\"801\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2020\/05\/image1.png 1379w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2020\/05\/image1-300x295.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2020\/05\/image1-1024x1007.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2020\/05\/image1-768x755.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2020\/05\/image1-640x629.png 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 815px) 100vw, 815px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-47602\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Figure 1. Diderichsen\u2019s model to understand pathways to inequalities in covid-19 infection and unintended consequences of lockdown (adapted from Diderichsen et al. 2001)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Firstly inequalities occur due to differential exposure, both to the infection and to the unintended consequences of social distancing and lockdown.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> How much of the observed inequalities in health outcomes are explained by greater exposure of more disadvantaged groups to the virus because of where they live or the nature of the work they do? The social spaces that people are forced to inhabit as a result of poverty makes them more likely to be exposed to infection. Many low-paid jobs involve close personal contact\u2014health and social care workers, shop and food outlet assistants, factory-floor workers, the gig economy. Living conditions for low-income groups may be more cramped and over-crowded, and neighbourhoods more densely populated. Differential exposure may be an important reason for these inequalities, but not the whole picture.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Secondly, inequalities are generated by \u2018differential vulnerability\u2019. Whether exposure to the virus leads on to illness and complications may depend heavily on other factors which make a person more vulnerable to the infection.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> We know, for instance, that rates of multi-morbidity and poor nutritional status are higher in more disadvantaged groups than in their more affluent counterparts and that long-term health conditions and disability set in at younger ages.<sup>8<\/sup><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Furthermore we have seen differential running down of public services in different localities over recent years, impacting the capacity of health and social care systems to respond. These vulnerabilities at an individual and area level interact with covid-19 risk to multiply adverse effects for disadvantaged groups.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Thirdly inequalities arise due to the differential consequences of covid-19 and control measures. There is already evidence of people in more precarious positions in the labour market being hardest hit by the shutdown of businesses and the lack of ability to work from home.<sup>7<\/sup><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The long term consequences could be devastating for already disadvantaged groups in terms of unemployment and likelihood of getting another job, with uneven long-term health effects, including on mental health. The unintended consequences of the lockdown are disproportionately affecting poor children, disrupting early child development and schooling, increasing hunger, mental health problems and the risk of abuse, neglect and non-accidental injury.<sup>9 <\/sup><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These adversities will have an impact on the long term health of a generation unless appropriate action is taken.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">None of this is inevitable, and the unequal impacts of the pandemic can be prevented, through evidence informed action at each of the pathways outline above. That requires research that unpicks the mechanisms of differential exposure, vulnerability and consequences, identifying the most effective policy entry points to tackle the aftermath of covid-19 and make preparations for the future.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although the pandemic is caused by a virus, the inequalities it generates have social causes, and it will only be through the \u201corganised efforts of society\u201d<sup>10<\/sup><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that they will be prevented.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The pandemic arrived in the UK at a time\u00a0 when inequalities were already increasing,<sup>11-12<\/sup><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> exposing underlying vulnerabilities, that are a consequence of years of austerity. Urgent action is now needed to prevent a further dramatic increase in health inequalities following this crisis.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Margaret Whitehead\u00a0<\/strong>is W.H. Duncan Chair of Public Health in the Department of Public Health and Policy and Systems at the University of Liverpool, UK<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Ben Barr<\/strong> is Professor in Applied Public Health Research in the Department of Public Health and Policy and Systems at the University of Liverpool, UK. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/Benj_Barr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">@Benj_Barr<\/span><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>David Taylor-Robinson<\/strong> is Professor of Public Health and Policy in the Department of Public Health and Policy and Systems at the University of Liverpool, UK.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Competing interests:<\/strong> none declared<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/birthsdeathsandmarriages\/deaths\/bulletins\/deathsinvolvingcovid19bylocalareasanddeprivation\/deathsoccurringbetween1marchand17april\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Deaths involving COVID-19 by local area and socioeconomic deprivatio<\/a>n &#8211; Office for National Statistics (accessed May 4, 2020).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rose TC, Mason K, Pennington A, McHale P, Taylor-Robinson DC, Barr B. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.04.25.20079491v2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Inequalities in COVID19 mortality related to ethnicity and socioeconomic deprivation<\/a>. <\/span><i style=\"font-size: 1rem\">medRxiv<\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 2020; 2020.04.25.20079491.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/birthsdeathsandmarriages\/deaths\/articles\/coronavirusrelateddeathsbyethnicgroupenglandandwales\/2march2020to10april2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Coronavirus (COVID-19) related deaths by ethnic group, England and Wales<\/a> &#8211; Office for National Statistics (accessed May 15, 2020).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/releases\/covid19relateddeathsbyoccupationenglandandwalesdeathsregistereduptoandincluding20thapril2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Coronavirus (COVID-19) related deaths by occupation, England and Wales: deaths registered up to and including 20 April 2020<\/a> &#8211; Office for National Statistics (accessed May 15, 2020).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Diderichsen F, Evans T, Whitehead M. The social basis of disparities in health. Chapter 2 in Evans T, Whitehead M, Diderichsen F, Bhuiya A, With M. (eds). Challenging inequities in health: from ethics to action. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Diderichsen F, Hallqvist J, Whitehead M. <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ije\/article-abstract\/48\/1\/268\/5066378?redirectedFrom=fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Differential vulnerability and susceptibility: how to make use of recent development in our understanding of mediation and interaction to tackle health inequalities. <\/a><\/span><i style=\"font-size: 1rem\">Int J Epidemiol<\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 2019; <\/span><b style=\"font-size: 1rem\">48<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: 268\u201374.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Douglas M, Katikireddi SV, Taulbut M, McKee M, McCartney G. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/content\/369\/bmj.m1557\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mitigating the wider health effects of covid-19 pandemic response<\/a>. <\/span><i style=\"font-size: 1rem\">BMJ<\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 2020; <\/span><b style=\"font-size: 1rem\">369<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. DOI:10.1136\/bmj.m1557<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dugravot A, Fayosse A, Dumurgier J, <\/span><i style=\"font-size: 1rem\">et al.<\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lanpub\/article\/PIIS2468-2667(19)30226-9\/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Social inequalities in multimorbidity, frailty, disability, and transitions to mortality: a 24-year follow-up of the Whitehall II cohort study<\/a>. <\/span><i style=\"font-size: 1rem\">The Lancet Public Health<\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 2020; <\/span><b style=\"font-size: 1rem\">5<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: e42\u201350.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/sites\/un2.un.org\/files\/policy_brief_on_covid_impact_on_children_16_april_2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">United Nations. Policy Brief: The Impact of COVID-19 on children<\/a> &#8211; United Nations<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Acheson SD, Security D of H and S, Britain G. Public Health in England: The Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Future Development to the Public Health Function. Chmn. Sir D.Acheson. London: Stationery Office Books, 1988<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Taylor-Robinson D, Barr B, Whitehead M. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lancet\/article\/PIIS0140-6736(19)32610-8\/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Stalling life expectancy and rising inequalities in England<\/a>. <\/span><i style=\"font-size: 1rem\">The Lancet<\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 2019; <\/span><b style=\"font-size: 1rem\">394<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: 2238\u20139.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Whitehead M, McInroy N, Bambra C. <a href=\"https:\/\/cles.org.uk\/news\/inquiry-publishes-due-north-report-on-health-equity\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Due North Report of the Inquiry on Health Equity for the North. UK: University of Liverpool and the Centre for Economic Strategies 2014<\/a> (accessed March 27, 2017).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Just because the the UK&#8217;s prime minister Boris Johnson and the Prince of Wales have had covid-19 doesn\u2019t mean the disease strikes all people equally. As with previous disasters throughout [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2020\/05\/22\/covid-19-we-are-not-all-in-it-together-less-privileged-in-society-are-suffering-the-brunt-of-the-damage\/\">More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":47537,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[263],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-47601","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-global-health"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Covid-19: We are not \u201call in it together\u201d\u2014less privileged in society are suffering the brunt of the damage - The BMJ<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2020\/05\/22\/covid-19-we-are-not-all-in-it-together-less-privileged-in-society-are-suffering-the-brunt-of-the-damage\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Covid-19: We are not \u201call in it together\u201d\u2014less privileged in society are suffering the brunt of the damage - The BMJ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Just because the the UK&#8217;s prime minister Boris Johnson and the Prince of Wales have had covid-19 doesn\u2019t mean the disease strikes all people equally. 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