{"id":46466,"date":"2020-01-17T14:59:48","date_gmt":"2020-01-17T13:59:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=46466"},"modified":"2020-01-24T18:55:54","modified_gmt":"2020-01-24T17:55:54","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-phantastic-pharmacology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2020\/01\/17\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-phantastic-pharmacology\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I Use a Word . . . Phantastic pharmacology"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-32935\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"127\" height=\"160\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Several IndoEuropean roots mean to shine: ARG (as in argent), AUS (East and Aurora), BHEL (blue, blind, blond\/e), BHER\u018eG (bright), DHEU (divine and Jove), GHEL (gleam, gold, yellow), KAND (candle, candor, incendiary), KWEIT (bismuth, edelweiss, white), and BH\u0100, not to be confused with BH\u0100 meaning to speak, which I have discussed <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2016\/07\/22\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-a-ban-to-abandon\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">before<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Consonantal shift from BH\u0100 gave the Greek word <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u03d5\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, to show or cause to appear, which gives us words such as phantasmagoria, phantom, phase, and phenomenon. Adding prefixes gives angelophany, bethphany (the miracle in the house at Cana; Hebrew beth = a house), Christophany, epiphany, hierophany, phagiphany (the feeding of the 5000), pneumatophany (appearance of the Holy Spirit), and satanophany. Tiffany is a corruption of theophany, which means epiphany; it is also a kind of thin transparent silk used in apparel, as Pliny the Elder wrote, to show women naked rather than cover and hide them. Cellophane is also see-through, diaphanous; a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/19971177\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">gastrodiaphane<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was an instrument that was introduced into the stomach, outlining its contours by a light, making it visible through a sufficiently thin abdominal wall. Sycophant, literally one who shows a fig, probably reflected an obscene meaning of the word \u201cfig\u201d (Greek <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u03c3\u1fe6\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">). <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Other Greek derivatives of <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">BH\u0100<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> include \u03d5\u1ff6\u03c2, light, giving words such as photic, photograph, photostat, and photon, and \u03d5\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, giving fantasia, fantastic, and<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">fancy, a contraction of fantasy. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Fantasticks\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Fantasticks<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a 1960 musical with music by Harvey Schmidt and lyrics by the American librettist Tom Jones, was based on <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Les Romanesques<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a book by Edmond Rostand, better known for his play <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cyrano de Bergerac<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. It won a Tony in 1991 and ran off-Broadway for 42 years (1960\u20132002), plus a revival (2006\u20132017). Its best known songs are the nostalgic melodies<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Try to Remember<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Soon It\u2019s Gonna Rain<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Don\u2019t confuse <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Fantasticks<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> with the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thephantasticskc.com\/#whoarewe\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Phantastics<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a Kansas City nonet.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Phantastica<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is the name of a book by Louis Lewin (pronounced Leveen), once called the father of toxicology. He spent a lifetime studying morphine and cocaine, mescaline from <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Anhalonium Lewinii<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (the peyote plant, named after him by the German botanist Paul Hennings), <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Chavica betel,<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the harmala alkaloids, and<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Piper methysticum<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (kava kava). His most important works were a toxicology textbook and a compendium of information about adverse drug reactions. I reviewed <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Phantastica<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in <em>The <\/em><\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">BMJ<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in 2007. Here\u2019s what I wrote:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201c[Lewin] describes a wide range of recreational drugs, beginning with pharmacological tolerance. His examples range from adaptation by freshwater amoebae to increasing concentrations of salt in their environment to the adaptability of Everest mountaineers to the adverse effects of altitude. He regales us with the information that hedgehogs can endure large quantities of cantharides, and that opium does not intoxicate ducks, hens, and doves.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cLewin then deals in detail with the major psychoactive drugs, including morphine, heroin, cocaine, cannabis, peyotl, fly agaric, henbane, datura, alcohol, chloral, kava kava, betel, coffee, tea, cocoa, and tobacco, classifying them as euphorics, phantastics, inebriants, hypnotics, and excitants. His descriptions have not, in my view, anywhere been bettered. As the first investigator of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Piper methysticum<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, he details the nature of the plant, how kava is prepared and drunk, its effects, and its active ingredients. He then paints the plight of the kavaist, \u2018incessantly tormented with the craving for his favourite beverage\u00a0 . . . degenerate through prolonged abuse . . . eyes red, inflamed, bloodshot, dull, bleary, and diminished in their functions . . . extremely emaciated \u2026\u2019 Not what Western purveyors of kava tell us. Of all the vignettes, that on alcohol is the best, illuminated by a profound historical perspective. Here we learn how alcoholic beverages have been prepared through the ages, around the world, by fermentation and distillation techniques used by Anglo-Saxons and Aymaras, Kalmuks and Quechuas, Tatars and Tungus. And a sober essay on temperance and abstinence gives counterbalance to the intoxicating language and lore of inebriation. One could get drunk on Lewin\u2019s literary prose, with its historical allusions, without needing recourse to the substances themselves.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">But, as I also wrote, don\u2019t rely on my hallucinations: read this classic yourself.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-46469\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2020\/01\/aronson_phantastic.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"496\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><em><strong>Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong>\u00a0is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford&#8217;s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Competing interests:<\/strong> None declared.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid black\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid black;text-align: left\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><b>This week&#8217;s interesting integer: 257<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">257, each of whose digits is prime, and is itself prime, features in several facts about prime integers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u2022 257 is one of only three known prime integers that have the general form n<sup>n<\/sup> + 1:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1<sup>1<\/sup> + 1 = 2<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2<sup>2<\/sup> + 1 = 5<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">4<sup>4<\/sup> + 1 = 257<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u2022 257 is the fourth Fermat prime, named after Pierre de Fermat (1601\u201365), who first studied them and who is better known for his last theorem.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fermat numbers, which do not have to be primes, have the following form:<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46471 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2020\/01\/aronson_phantastic_2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"71\" height=\"48\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">If 2<sup>k<\/sup> + 1 is a prime and k &gt; 0, k must be a power of 2; i.e. k = 2<sup>n<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">So, letting n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 32, or 64, we get the first five Fermat primes: 3, 5, 17, 257, 4,294,967,297, and 18,446,744,073,709,551,617. In fact, only these five Fermat primes are known, and there may be no more.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u2022 257 is a Pythagorean prime, in other words one of the form 4n + 1. Not all numbers that have this form are prime. However, when they are, they are also the sums of two squares; in this case, 257 = 16<sup>2<\/sup> + 1<sup>2<\/sup>. That this is so is a theorem that was propounded by Fermat. And by Pythagoras\u2019s theorem, such numbers are also the squares of the hypotenuses of right-angled triangles with integer legs; in this case \u221a257 (= 16.03) is the hypotenuse of the right-angled triangle whose legs are 1 and 16 units in length.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u2022 257 is also a quartan prime, i.e. of the form x<sup>4<\/sup> + y<sup>4<\/sup>, in this case 4<sup>4<\/sup> + 1<sup>4<\/sup>; it is the fourth such, after 2, 17, and 97.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u2022 257 is the sixth balanced prime (after 5, 53, 157, 173, and 211), one that is the average of the previous and the following prime, in this case 251 and 263.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u2022 257 is a sexy prime, one of a pair that differ by 6, in two ways: 251\/257 and 257\/263.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u2022<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">257 is the fourth prime that is palindromic in binary (100000001), after 3, 5, and 17.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Several IndoEuropean roots mean to shine: ARG (as in argent), AUS (East and Aurora), BHEL (blue, blind, blond\/e), BHER\u018eG (bright), DHEU (divine and Jove), GHEL (gleam, gold, yellow), KAND (candle, [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2020\/01\/17\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-phantastic-pharmacology\/\">More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":38359,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5762],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-46466","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jeff-aronsons-words"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Jeffrey Aronson: When I Use a Word . . . 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