{"id":46422,"date":"2020-01-10T17:02:20","date_gmt":"2020-01-10T16:02:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=46422"},"modified":"2020-01-17T14:59:45","modified_gmt":"2020-01-17T13:59:45","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-lexicographic-anniversaries-in-2020","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2020\/01\/10\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-lexicographic-anniversaries-in-2020\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I Use a Word . . . Lexicographic anniversaries in 2020"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>The <\/span>Oxford English Dictionary<\/span><\/i> (<\/span>OED<\/span><\/i>) not only defines words. It gives variant spellings, etymologies, and instances of their uses in quotations from printed texts. And it does so, as the original rubric had it, \u201con historical principles\u201d. In all cases it gives as the first instance of the use of a word the earliest example that the lexicographers have found. They do a stunningly good job, finding early instances of words in the most recondite places and checking their sources obsessively.<\/span><\/p>\n

However, even the most assiduous search for a word may miss an earlier example, an antedating, to use the technical term. The editor of the first edition of the <\/span>OED<\/span><\/i>, James Murray (Figure 1), estimated that about three-quarters of its headwords could be antedated. He also pointed out, in a Presidential lecture to the Philological Society in 1884, that words are generally spoken before they are written down, so that written sources will generally postdate the date of invention or introduction of a word.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

In 1978 Richard W Bailey published about 4400 \u201cAdditions and Antedatings to the Record of English Vocabulary\u201d. He described the collection as \u201cnot a definitive or complete listing of antedatings and additions to the <\/span>OED<\/span><\/i> but a provisional collection sufficiently coherent to be of general use to scholarship\u201d. Here is a medical example: \u201cfemur\u201d is not only the name of a bone in the body, the earliest example of which dates from 1666, but also an architectural term, defined in the <\/span>OED<\/span><\/i> as \u201cany of the flat, vertical, projecting faces between each pair of glyphs of a Doric triglyph\u201d, dating from 1563. But Bailey gives an example of the anatomical use taken from John Skelton\u2019s 1485 translation of <\/span>Bibliotheca Historica<\/span><\/i> by Diodorus Siculus, written between 36 and 30 BC: \u201che apprepred unto this montuous place a name and called it femur as moch to say in oure barbarian language as a thye.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

The late J\u00fcrgen Sch\u00e4fer\u2019s <\/span>Survey of Monolingual Printed Glossaries and Dictionaries 1476\u20131640<\/span><\/i> was published posthumously in 1989 in two volumes, the second of which contained a long list of additions and corrections to the <\/span>OED<\/span><\/i>, some of which have still not been incorporated. For example, \u201cdiaphoretic\u201d is currently defined as \u201chaving the property of inducing or promoting perspiration\u201d (they mean \u201csweating\u201d; first quotation 1563) or \u201ca medicinal agent having this property\u201d (first quotation 1656). But Sch\u00e4fer gave a quotation from 1526, found in an anonymous glossary of medical terms, <\/span>The grete herball<\/span><\/i>: “<\/span>Dyaforetyke<\/span><\/i> is whan a medycyne spredeth humours and vapours insencyble whiche be mynysshed in suche maner, meued and made in so subtyll vapour that it voydeth without noyaunce\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

It is no coincidence that the texts cited by both Bailey and Sch\u00e4fer were written in Early Modern English, which is usually dated from about 1476, when Caxton started printing, to 1700, encompassing works by such writers as Shakespeare, Spenser, Jonson, Donne, and Milton.<\/span><\/p>\n

However, it is important to remember that in James Murray\u2019s day searching had to be done by hand, reading original texts and noting down instances that might be useful. Today, digitized texts can easily be searched for specific words, and the earliest instances quoted in the dictionary are therefore less likely to be antedatable. Nevertheless, antedatings are still possible. I have been searching for antedatings of words that are first recorded in the <\/span>OED<\/span><\/i> for years ending in 20 and 70, in the same way that I chose medical anniversaries in 2020 to highlight <\/span>last week<\/span><\/a>. Here are some examples, all involving words whose first attested examples come from 1920.<\/span><\/p>\n

The <\/span>OED<\/span><\/i> gives the earliest instance of \u201clymphadenopathy\u201d in a paper in the <\/span>Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital<\/span><\/i> from 1920, but there is an earlier instance still, from 1915 (Wade HW. Bacteriemia due to <\/span>Bacillus diphtheriae<\/span><\/i>. J Infect Dis<\/em> 1915; 16(2): 292-302); this is a minor antedating, and although it is possible that an earlier instance might be found, it would be unlikely to antedate these instances by very much.<\/span><\/p>\n

The <\/span>OED<\/span><\/i> gives the earliest instance of \u201cembolized\u201d from a 1920 article in the <\/span>Quarterly Journal of Medicine<\/span><\/i>, but an earlier instance, from 1907, can be found in the <\/span>British Medical J<\/span><\/i>ournal<\/span><\/i><\/a>, in an article by W Sampson Handley, Hunterian Professor in the Royal College of Surgeons, titled \u201cAn operation for embolus\u201d (21 September 1907; 2(2438): 712).<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Another example from the <\/span>British Medical Journal<\/span><\/i><\/a> antedates two words listed as first having been recorded in 1920 in the <\/span>British Journal of Surgery<\/span><\/i>, \u201cjugulodigastric\u201d and \u201cjugulo-omohyoid\u201d; both appear in the issue of 14 August 1914.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

That The <\/em><\/span>BMJ<\/span><\/i> may be a rich source of antedatings is suggested by the next example. \u201cSexological\u201d is first attested in the <\/span>OED<\/span><\/i> in a quotation from 1920, but the <\/span>British Medical Journal<\/span><\/i><\/a> contains an example from 1913, in which the formation of an International Sexological Society is described.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

According to the <\/span>OED<\/span><\/i>, \u201cspermiogenesis\u201d was first recorded in 1920. But in 1912, the American zoologist Thomas Harrison Montgomery published a book titled <\/span>Human spermatogenesis, spermatocytes and spermiogenesis: a study in inheritance<\/span><\/i>. The <\/span>OED<\/span><\/i> defines spermiogenesis as \u201cthe maturation of spermatids into spermatozoa (the last phase of spermatogenesis)\u201d, which explains why it is differentiated from spermatogenesis in the title of Montgomery\u2019s book.<\/span><\/p>\n

A striking antedating, but a less sure example, is \u201cpremedication\u201d, also dated by the <\/span>OED<\/span><\/i> from 1920. It means the administration of a medicine to produce sedation or other useful effects, such a drying of secretions, before an operation, or a medicine so used. I have found a much earlier example of this, from 1849, in the title of a book by Samuel Cartwright: \u201cSome remarks on premedication: and the doctrine of a retrograde action from collapsion of the absorbent and capillary vessels\u201d. This title is to be found in a list of donations to the library of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia in the Academy\u2019s proceedings, published in late 1849.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

However, it is by no means clear in what sense Cartwright used the term \u201cpremedication\u201d, and since I have not been able to locate a copy of his book I cannot be sure that this is a true antedating. It could of course be a completely new meaning of the word, or even a typographical error. Further investigation is necessary. Perhaps the Academy in Philadelphia, now the Academy of Natural Sciences of <\/span>Drexel University<\/span><\/a>, still has a copy.<\/span><\/p>\n

Some lexicographic anniversaries in 2020<\/b><\/p>\n

1520 (131):<\/strong>
\nflex (a joint or limb)
\ninsensate
\nmeselness (leprosy)
\nsanguineous<\/p>\n

1570 (868):<\/strong>
\ndoctoral
\ndoctorly
\nmedicus
\npoorly<\/p>\n

1620 (412):<\/strong>
\natrophy
\ncardiacal
\ncardialgic
\ncoarctate
\ndeoppilate (blocking, e.g. a vein)
\ndepressive
\ndietetical
\nexcrete
\nflaccid
\ngustative
\ningestion
\nmorbifical (causing disease)
\nplague spot
\nscammoniate (purgative)
\nvomitory<\/p>\n

1670 (357):<\/strong>
\nalcoholize
\nantiapoplectic
\nblue pill
\nbronchotomist
\ndagga (hemp, Cannabis sativa)
\n[Dr] Goddard\u2019s drops
\nhygiastic
\ninsufflate
\nneurology
\nosteology
\npancreatical (pancreatic 1666)
\npharmacopoietic\/al
\nquackish
\nsclerotis (the sclera)
\nsemiotics (interpretation of symptoms)<\/p>\n

1720 (178):<\/strong>
\nfetification (impregnation)
\nunrespirable<\/p>\n

1770 (219):<\/strong>
\nmolecular
\nkairomone
\nLassa [fever, virus]
\nl[a]evodopa
\nMandy (i.e. Mandrax)
\nmaprotiline
\nmazindol
\nmedicaliz\/ation
\nmyelographic (myelogrphy 1937)
\nmetabolizer
\nmianserin
\nmigraineur<\/p>\n

1820 (575):<\/strong>
\naegophony
\narteritis
\ncoelia
\ndaturia (the alkaloid daturine)
\nepicranial
\nfeticide
\novario-gestation
\nphrenological (phrenology 1810)
\nplague ship
\nrheumatismal
\nrubeoloid
\nsomatological (somatology 1736)
\nstethoscope<\/p>\n

1870 (753):<\/strong>
\nabiogenesis
\nacridine
\nacrocephaly
\nagoniadin
\nanapnograph
\nanginiform
\nasystolism (= asystole)
\nbiogenesis
\ncarbolize
\ncryptopine (an opium alkaloid)
\nDuchenne [paralysis]
\nelectrosurgery\/ical
\nepicritic [remarks on a case]
\nexcitomotor
\ngermicide\/al
\nglioma\/tous
\nidiot savant
\ninnervate
\nintertrochlear
\nleucocyte
\nmesethmoid
\nmethaemoglobin
\nmicrococcus
\nmonocephalic
\nmuscularis
\nodontoblast
\noecoid
\norchidectomy
\npaedology
\nparasitology
\npedicurist
\nperiodontitis
\nphthinode\/oid
\npleuroperitoneal
\npolyuric (polyuria 1823)
\nprepubic (prepubis 1888)
\npseudoleukaemia
\nminoxidil
\nmonounsaturated
\nmucolipidosis
\nmyelinotoxicity
\nmyoelectrical (myoelectricity 1969)
\nneuraminate
\nneuroplasticity
\nneuroregulator
\nnexin
\noncornavirus
\npeptidolytic (peptidolysis 1972)
\nrecipiomotor
\nRomberg [symptom]
\nspectroscopy
\nsubanconeal
\nthoracico-abdominal<\/p>\n

1920 (466):<\/strong>
\nAcetobacter
\nacidotic (acidosis 1900; acidaemia 1891)
\nAlexander [technique]
\nbacteriocyte
\nbibliotherapy
\nbiotechnologist
\ncardiothoracic
\nelectromyographic (electromyography 1926)
\nembolized (adj)
\nhaemorrhage (v; noun 1671)
\nheterophile
\nhypnoanalysis
\njugulodigastric
\njugulo-omohyoid
\nlymphadenopathy
\nmegaunit
\nmoniliasis
\nmultifactorial (= polygenic)
\nmyelinogenetic (myelinogenesis 1931)
\nnasospinale
\nperiodontist
\npluripotential
\npremedication
\npremorbid
\npsychopharmacology
\nradiosensitivie
\nself-diagnose
\nsexological (sexology 1867)
\nsociobiologist
\nspermiogenesis
\nswine influenza<\/p>\n

1970 (373):<\/strong>
\nalloalbumin
\nancrod
\narenovirus
\nbiocompatible
\nbioequivalency
\nbioethics
\nbiofeedback
\nclastogen
\nclonazepam
\nimmunodiagnostics
\nimmunosurveillance
\nperimenstrual
\nprazosin
\npsychoneuroendocrinology
\nribostamycin
\nsulfazin
\nsulpiride
\ntemazepam
\ntilorone
\ntogavirus
\ntretinoin<\/p>\n

Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong>\u00a0is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford’s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Competing interests:<\/strong> None declared.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
This week’s interesting integer: 256<\/b><\/b><\/p>\n

256 is the smallest non-trivial 8th<\/sup> power = 28<\/sup>, where \u201cnon-trivial\u201d means other than 1. It is also the fourth number in the sequence of numbers raised to their own power:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1 = 11<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n

4 = 22<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n

27 = 33<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n

256 = 44<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n

Thus, in analytic combinatorics 256 is the fifth in the sequence of numbers of labelled mappings from n points to themselves: 1, 1, 4, 27, 256.<\/span><\/p>\n

256 is 100000000 in binary and 100 in hexadecimal.<\/span><\/p>\n

256 is the traditional number of cycles per second (hertz) of middle C (called scientific pitch). However, modern concert pitch is usually modelled on a frequency of A above middle C at 440 Hz, making middle C 261.6 Hz = 440\/29\/12<\/sup>, since an octave doubles the frequency and has 12 well-tempered semitones, middle C being 9 semitones below A.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) not only defines words. It gives variant spellings, etymologies, and instances of their uses in quotations from printed texts. And it does so, as the […]<\/p>\n

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