{"id":46215,"date":"2019-12-05T22:54:06","date_gmt":"2019-12-05T21:54:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=46215"},"modified":"2019-12-05T22:56:06","modified_gmt":"2019-12-05T21:56:06","slug":"ann-robinsons-research-reviews-5-december-2019","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2019\/12\/05\/ann-robinsons-research-reviews-5-december-2019\/","title":{"rendered":"Ann Robinson’s research reviews\u20145 December 2019"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ann Robinson reviews the latest research from the top medical journals<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>NEJM<\/strong><\/b><\/p>\n

Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism with D-dimer testing<\/b><\/p>\n

Patients with pulmonary embolism with a substantial risk of recurrence or progression need anticoagulation. CT scanning is currently the investigation of choice, but it isn\u2019t ideal because it\u2019s expensive, time consuming, involves radiation exposure, can yield false positives and negatives, and often identifies other chance findings. This prospective study<\/a> found that a combination of clinical assessment using clinical pre-test probability (C-PTP) and D-dimer testing successfully identified patients at low risk of pulmonary embolism during a follow-up period of three months. Pulmonary embolism can effectively be ruled out with a low C-PTP and D-dimer level of <1000\u2009ng\/mL or moderate C-PTP and D-dimer <500\u2009ng\/mL.<\/span><\/p>\n

MRI screening for women with dense breast tissue<\/b><\/p>\n

Women with extremely dense breast tissue have an increased risk of breast cancer, but mammography is less reliable than in women with normal density breasts. This Dutch study found<\/a> that supplemental magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) improved early detection and reduced interval breast cancers over a two year period (2.5\/1000 screenings in those invited for MRI group <\/span>v<\/span><\/i> 5\/1000 in mammography-only group). Of the 300 women who had a breast biopsy after MRI, 79 were found to have cancer (specificity of 92%). The impact of having a false positive result (79.8 per 1000 screenings) isn\u2019t known, but otherwise MRI is safe with an adverse event rate of only 0.1%. Simulation studies and larger, longer trials are needed to tease out whether adding MRI reduces mortality rates. And minimising false positive rates and reducing the cost of MRI would help to justify its routine inclusion in screening.<\/span><\/p>\n

Treating refractory status epilepticus<\/b><\/p>\n

How do you treat status epilepticus that doesn\u2019t respond to benzodiazepines? Surprisingly perhaps, the answer is unknown. This randomised, blinded adaptive trial of 384 children and adults<\/a> compared the safety and efficacy of intravenous levetiracetam, fosphenytoin, and valproate. Interestingly, 10% of enrolled patients were deemed to have had psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. Cessation of status epilepticus and improvement in the level of consciousness at 60 minutes occurred in just under half in all three groups. One problem is that cessation of seizures was judged on clinical grounds and not EEG, so that those who stopped having seizures but whose conscious level didn\u2019t improve within an hour could have been suffering from postictal or benzodiazepine-induced drowsiness or could have had continuing non-convulsive status epilepticus. Further studies to clarify this would be helpful, as would be testing of different doses of these three drugs and of others needed for the 50% who didn\u2019t respond.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lancet<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hands up for hope<\/b><\/p>\n

The optimistically named HOPE study<\/a> found that a daily dose of 10\u2009mg of oral prednisolone for six weeks was effective and safe in treating patients with painful hands caused by a flare-up of osteoarthritis. Pain, function, and imaging markers improved substantially, which is helpful for clinicians because we don\u2019t have much else to offer. The problem is that, after treatment, symptoms revert to the baseline, and this study couldn\u2019t determine whether treating acute flare-ups alters the course of this painful condition. The six week course may be safe, but repeated or long term use of corticosteroids clearly confer risk. And I can foresee that it will be hard to persuade elderly patients with painful hands to come off the steroids, given that they clearly work.<\/span><\/p>\n

Treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis<\/strong><\/p>\n

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) causes a range of chronic liver diseases and increases the risk of cirrhosis. It\u2019s the progressive form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) both of which have increased as rates of obesity have increased. No drug treatments exist. This phase 2 study<\/a> found that resmetirom, a liver-directed thyroid hormone analogue, reduced hepatic fat and markers of inflammation and fibrosis after 12 weeks and 36 weeks of treatment in patients with NASH. Adverse events were mild or moderate, although resmetirom caused more cases of transient mild diarrhoea and nausea. The study suggested that imaging and serial biomarkers can be used to assess liver damage without recourse to invasive liver biopsies. A larger phase 3 study is now underway.<\/span><\/p>\n

JAMA Internal Medicine<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Does continuity of care improve outcomes?<\/b><\/p>\n

Here\u2019s a good question. If the doctor caring for you while you are in hospital works for several days in a row as opposed to intermittent shifts, does it affect your outcome? A three year cohort study<\/a> used Medicare data of over 100\u2009000 patients admitted to hospital for 3-6 days. It found that patients with doctors who had schedules that allowed for continuity of care did better. They had a lower 30 day mortality after discharge, lower readmissions, and higher rates of discharge. Continuity of care brings obvious advantages such as increased trust and communication. The authors also note that discontinuity can mean a fresh pair of eyes and improved diagnosis. Limitations of this observational study include selection bias and methodological difficulty in identifying hospital schedules. It\u2019s possible that the sickest and most complex patients see multiple doctors, and that this explains their poorer outcomes rather than the lack of continuity of care.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ann Robinson<\/strong> is an NHS GP and health writer and broadcaster<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ann Robinson reviews the latest research from the top medical journals […]<\/p>\n

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