{"id":46144,"date":"2019-11-28T11:29:28","date_gmt":"2019-11-28T10:29:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=46144"},"modified":"2019-11-28T13:01:17","modified_gmt":"2019-11-28T12:01:17","slug":"yaguang-wei-the-dangers-of-air-pollution-for-human-health","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2019\/11\/28\/yaguang-wei-the-dangers-of-air-pollution-for-human-health\/","title":{"rendered":"Yaguang Wei: The dangers of air pollution for human health"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fine particulate matter\u2014also called PM<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2.5\u2014<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">is one of the most dangerous air pollutants. PM<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2.5<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is composed of tiny solids and liquids floating in the air, and comes from a variety of sources such as motor vehicles, coal-fired power plants, and wildfires. Once inhaled, these particles can pass through the respiratory system, sneak into the blood and circulatory system, and cause serious health problems. Short-term exposure to PM<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2.5<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> has been consistently linked with multiple causes of hospital admissions, emergency\u00a0room visits, and mortality. Of these causes, the link between PM<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2.5<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and cardiovascular and respiratory\u00a0diseases have been studied extensively. Additionally, exposure to PM<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2.5<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> has been linked to preterm birth, diabetes, and neurological disorders.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In many cases, however, air pollution epidemiological studies are driven by a \u201cplausible hypothesis\u201d that a specific disease could be affected by exposure. This limits us to known potential mechanisms, leaving unanswered whether other diseases are associated with the exposure and, if so, to what extent.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To better understand the health effects of short-term exposure to PM<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2.5<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/content\/367\/bmj.l6258\">we conducted a comprehensive analysis<\/a> to investigate associations between short-term PM<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2.5 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">exposure and risks of hospital admissions for 214 disease groups, using 95 million hospital admission records among Medicare\u00a0fee-for-service\u00a0beneficiaries \u226565 years of age in the United States. In addition to confirming associations for several already known diseases, we also discovered several previously unknown causes of hospital admissions that are positively associated with short-term exposure to PM<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2.5<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. These include multiple prevalent causes among older adults such as fluid and electrolyte disorders, septicemia, anemia, urinary tract infections, and renal failure. Importantly, most of these identified hospitalization risks occurred when daily PM<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2.5 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">level<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">was below the current WHO\u00a0air quality guideline.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">We also evaluated the associated economic costs of short-term exposure to PM<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2.5<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Among the Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries, each 1 \u00b5g\u00b7m<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">-3<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> increase in short-term exposure to PM<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2.5<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was associated with an annual increase of 5,693 hospitalizations, 32,315 days of hospitalization, and 634 deaths at discharge, corresponding to $100 million US dollars in inpatient and post-acute costs, and $6.5 billion US dollars in value of statistical life (i.e., the economic value of life due to the increased number of deaths at discharge). An increase of more than 1 \u00b5g\u00b7m<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">-3<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in ambient levels of PM<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2.5<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was especially common during the study period: such events occurred on more than 122 days each year within each ZIP Code of residence considered.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This study brings researchers and clinicians one step closer to understanding the relationship between short-term exposure to PM<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2.5 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">and human health problems. The newly identified PM<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2.5<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">-related diseases suggest that the effect of PM<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2.5 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">exposure is not restricted within individual organs. Short-term PM<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2.5 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">exposure has a more systemic effect on multiple pathophysiological processes such as inflammation, infection, and water electrolyte balance. The fact that hospitalization risks occurred when daily PM<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2.5 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">levels were below the current WHO\u00a0air quality guideline suggests a need for stricter guideline values. Further, the health care costs associated with these health problems suggests large benefits in reducing short-term PM<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2.5<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> by even small amounts.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pure air, noted Hippocrates, is fundamental to human health. However, progress in reducing PM<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2.5<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> has stalled in North America and Europe recently, and air pollution levels in low- and middle-income countries have risen alarmingly. To ensure that all populations have access to pure air and good health, we must fully define the effect of air pollution on human health, and then work to reduce it.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Yaguang Wei<\/strong>,<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> doctoral student, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Francesca Dominici<\/strong>, Clarence James Gamble professor of biostatistics, population, and data science, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Joel D Schwartz<\/strong>, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">professor, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Competing interests<\/strong>: None declared.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Fine particulate matter\u2014also called PM2.5\u2014is one of the most dangerous air pollutants. PM2.5 is composed of tiny solids and liquids floating in the air, and comes from a variety of [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2019\/11\/28\/yaguang-wei-the-dangers-of-air-pollution-for-human-health\/\">More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":46146,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18894],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-46144","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-authors-perspective"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Yaguang Wei: The dangers of air pollution for human health - The BMJ<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2019\/11\/28\/yaguang-wei-the-dangers-of-air-pollution-for-human-health\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Yaguang Wei: The dangers of air pollution for human health - The BMJ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Fine particulate matter\u2014also called PM2.5\u2014is one of the most dangerous air pollutants. 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