{"id":45327,"date":"2019-08-12T17:03:37","date_gmt":"2019-08-12T16:03:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=45327"},"modified":"2019-08-20T17:05:16","modified_gmt":"2019-08-20T16:05:16","slug":"adam-briggs-eating-less-red-meat-a-win-for-health-and-a-win-for-the-planet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2019\/08\/12\/adam-briggs-eating-less-red-meat-a-win-for-health-and-a-win-for-the-planet\/","title":{"rendered":"Adam Briggs: Eating less red meat\u2014a win for health and a win for the planet"},"content":{"rendered":"

The benefits of reduced meat consumption would be twofold, says Adam Briggs<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>We have a new prime minister, a new cabinet, and a planet that\u2019s burning.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

For all the current political distractions, the climate emergency is the one constant. It is the <\/span>greatest threat to health and global stability<\/span><\/a> and a major driver of <\/span>migration<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>disease<\/span><\/a>, and <\/span>war<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

What we eat is part of the problem, and it\u2019s part of the solution.<\/span><\/p>\n

The stats are stark: <\/span>agriculture is responsible for<\/span><\/a> up to 30% of all greenhouse gas emissions, 40% of global land use, and 70% of freshwater use. Around <\/span>90% of world fish stocks<\/span><\/a> are either fully fished or overfished and conversion of wild habitats for food production is the <\/span>leading global cause of species loss<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

This week\u2019s IPCC report on <\/span>climate change and land use<\/span><\/a> confirms that without changing our dietary habits <\/span>there is little hope of keeping global temperature increases to less than 2\u00b0C while feeding 10 billion people. <\/span>Temperature rises of 2\u00b0C<\/span><\/a> will lead to more frequent extreme weather, bleach 99% of coral reefs, and raise sea levels by nearly half a metre. Conservative estimates place the resulting human death toll at <\/span>250 000 per year<\/span><\/a> from 2030 onwards.<\/span><\/p>\n

And when it comes to agriculture there\u2019s no escaping the fact that livestock production<\/span>\u2014<\/span>in particular, ruminants<\/span>\u2014<\/span>is the leading contributor. Around half of all UK food related greenhouse gas emissions are <\/span>due to beef and dairy<\/span><\/a>. For the same weight <\/span>ruminant meat, such as beef and lamb, uses<\/span><\/a> over five times the amount of land and produces around 10 times the greenhouse gas emissions of any other meat or veg. Producing a single kilo of beef <\/span>requires more than 15 000 litres of water<\/span><\/a>; a kilo of chicken or pulses<\/span>\u2014<\/span>other major protein sources<\/span>\u2014<\/span>requires closer to 4000.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Changing our diets, as with many other climate mitigation strategies, is a win-win for both the planet and our health. <\/span>It\u2019s recommended<\/span><\/a> that we need 50g of protein a day<\/span>\u2014<\/span>around 10% of calories<\/span>\u2014<\/span>yet, on average in the UK <\/span>we eat that from red and processed meat<\/span><\/a> alone (beef, lamb, and pork), with total protein contributing more like 20% of calories.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Red and processed meat are both linked to poor health. Red meat is classified as a likely carcinogen and processed meat as a \u201cgroup 1\u201d carcinogen by <\/span>the WHO<\/span><\/a> (the same classification given to tobacco) due to their effects on colorectal cancer. Their consumption is related to <\/span>higher overall mortality<\/span><\/a> and together they are estimated to be associated with <\/span>2.4 million deaths<\/span><\/a> per year worldwide by 2020.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Studies of populations with different diets suggest that replacing animal protein with plant based protein <\/span>results in lower rates<\/span><\/a> of stroke, heart disease, diabetes, and overall death rates. Indeed, <\/span>a recent study<\/span><\/a> simulating the health and environmental impacts of simply meeting global dietary guidelines (note, this still includes up to 43g of red meat) resulted in over five million fewer deaths per year and a 30% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared with the status quo. Both the health and the environmental benefits were mainly driven by eating less beef and lamb.<\/span><\/p>\n

The UK can<\/span>\u2014<\/span>and should<\/span>\u2014<\/span>lead the world in driving this change in dietary habits. The UK is already a global leader in the rhetoric of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but this isn\u2019t yet reflected in national policy. Now <\/span>legally committed to net zero emissions<\/span><\/a> by 2050, the UK government has delivered just <\/span>one of last year\u2019s 25 recommendations<\/span><\/a> from the UK Committee on Climate Change.<\/span><\/p>\n

It\u2019s difficult to change what people eat or how they behave, but we do know that some approaches work better than others. Price is consistently the <\/span>leading factor<\/span><\/a> that affects the food people buy, and what we currently pay for our food doesn\u2019t cover the wider costs to society of its production and consumption<\/span>\u2014including <\/span>their impact on emissions, biodiversity, and our health.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Raising the prices of <\/span>tobacco<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>alcohol<\/span><\/a>, and, more recently, <\/span>soft drinks<\/span><\/a> have all demonstrated falls in purchases.\u00a0<\/span>We should also raise the price of red and processed meat.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

One way to do this would be to make red and processed meat subject to VAT (currently meat bought for eating at home is <\/span>VAT exempt<\/span><\/a>). A more nuanced tax structure could be developed based on the equivalent costs of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions<\/span>\u2014<\/span>currently <\/span>estimated by the UK government<\/span><\/a> at \u00a367 per tonne of carbon dioxide or equivalent gases<\/span>\u2014<\/span>increasing the price of a kilo of beef mince by around \u00a31.70.<\/span><\/p>\n

Such a tax won\u2019t reduce UK emissions to zero but it needs to be part of the solution. <\/span>A 2016 study<\/span><\/a> that included the wider costs to society from greenhouse gas emissions in food in the UK estimated reductions in <\/span>emissions equivalent<\/span><\/a> to heating nearly 1500 homes for a year or 85 000 transatlantic Boeing 747 flights, alongside hundreds fewer premature deaths from healthier diets.<\/span><\/p>\n

The impact on UK farmers of changing diets could be reduced by enhancing and accelerating the implementation of <\/span>the Environmental Land Management scheme<\/span><\/a>, offering subsidies for encouraging biodiversity and afforestation. This becomes increasingly possible with the UK leaving the EU and the Common Agricultural Policy. And the impact on consumers<\/span>\u2014<\/span>particularly those on low incomes<\/span>\u2014<\/span>could be mitigated by using revenues <\/span>to subsidise healthier and more environmentally sustainable foods<\/span><\/a>, or by rebalancing the wider tax system to benefit poorer households.<\/span><\/p>\n

But why should the UK act alone? Well yes, <\/span>the US eats far more meat<\/span><\/a> than the UK; and yes, UK meat consumption is static while consumption in China is skyrocketing. But the impacts of climate change don\u2019t respect national borders. This is an area on which the UK can genuinely take the lead<\/span>\u2014<\/span>and the competitive advantage.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

At some point the world will be forced to reduce the amount of meat and dairy it consumes (the <\/span>UK Committee on Climate Change<\/span><\/a> says we need a 20% fall in beef, lamb, and dairy consumption to get to net zero emissions, the Eating Better alliance <\/span>suggests 50% less by 2030<\/span><\/a>), and the UK agricultural system has the opportunity to get ahead of this curve. It\u2019s a win for British farmers, it\u2019s a win for health, and it\u2019s a win for the planet.<\/span><\/p>\n

The <\/span>UK looks set to co-host<\/span><\/a> next year\u2019s UN flagship climate change conference, COP26, with the world watching this major test of the Paris Agreement. If Boris Johnson wants to honour his pledges for basing tax policy on clear evidence, for tackling climate change, supporting British farmers, and for putting Britain back on the world stage, then this is surely a good place to start.<\/span><\/p>\n

Adam Briggs<\/i><\/b> is a public health specialty registrar and an academic visitor at the Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford. Twitter <\/span><\/i>@ADMBriggs<\/span><\/em><\/a><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Competing interests:<\/strong> Adam Briggs is a vegetarian, but will eat meat and fish if it will otherwise be wasted.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The benefits of reduced meat consumption would be twofold, says Adam Briggs […]<\/p>\n

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