{"id":45275,"date":"2019-08-02T11:49:15","date_gmt":"2019-08-02T10:49:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=45275"},"modified":"2019-08-09T15:33:59","modified_gmt":"2019-08-09T14:33:59","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-archaic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2019\/08\/02\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-archaic\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I Use a Word . . . Archaic"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-32935 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson-223x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"122\" height=\"153\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">On 18 March 2019 the Speaker of the House of Commons, John Bercow, invoked a principle, dating back to 1604 and last used in 1920, that dictates that MPs may not vote on an identical matter twice in the same parliamentary session. Here\u2019s what he said: &#8220;There has been much speculation over the past week about the possibility of the Government bringing before the House a motion on Brexit for another so-called meaningful vote under the statutory framework provided in the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018.\u201d Following my <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2019\/03\/22\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-truly-meaningful\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">suggestion<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that \u201cmeaningful\u201d is frequently meaningless, I applaud his use of \u201cso-called\u201d.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Citing <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/erskinemay.parliament.uk\/\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Erskine May<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the guide to parliamentary procedure, he <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/hansard.parliament.uk\/Commons\/2019-03-18\/debates\/AB031E78-C906-4833-9ACF-291998FAC0E1\/Speaker%E2%80%99SStatement?highlight=%22what%20the%20government%20cannot%20legitimately%20do%20is%20to%20resubmit%20to%20the%20house%20the%20same%20proposition%22#contribution-3ACD9587-F8CE-4D55-9F25-5F034F2F86C7\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">ruled<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that \u201ca motion or an amendment which is the same, in substance, as a question which has been decided during a session may not be brought forward again during that same session . . . If the Government wish to bring forward a new proposition that is neither the same nor substantially the same as that disposed of by the House on 12 March, that would be entirely in order. What the Government cannot legitimately do is to resubmit to the House the same proposition, or substantially the same proposition, as that of last week, which was rejected by 149 votes.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/hansard.parliament.uk\/Commons\/2019-07-25\/debates\/EEAC533E-0371-4186-A067-8A097148C1A7\/BusinessOfTheHouse?highlight=%22there%20are%20of%20course%20greek%20antecedents%20of%20the%20word%20%22#contribution-60B58701-E4BE-4829-B9FA-0AAD1934E881\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Then<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, on 25 July 2019, appearing at the Dispatch Box for the first time as Leader of the House, Jacob Rees-Mogg addressed the House: \u201cMy right honourable Friend the Prime Minister has said he views Prorogation as an archaic mechanism and does not wish to see archaic mechanisms used. As I am now bound by collective responsibility, that is now also my view.\u201d The laughter that greeted his statement indicated that Members fully understood what he was referring to. As did the Speaker, who then commented: &#8220;There are of course Greek antecedents of the word &#8216;archaic&#8217;\u2014a concept and fact with which the Leader himself will be closely familiar. However, I think I can say without fear of contradiction and for the avoidance of doubt, that the word &#8216;archaic,&#8217; as spelt now, originated in the nineteenth century and in France. So, by the standards of the Leader of the House it is distressingly modern, and it is also\u2014and I simply say this as a matter of fact\u2014of foreign origin.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cArchaic\u201d is defined in the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Oxford English Dictionary<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> as \u201cBelonging to an earlier period, no longer in common use, though still retained either by individuals, or generally, for special purposes\u201d. Which describes the 1604 statute perfectly. In Greek \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, an adjective from the root <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u1f00\u03c1\u03c7-<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, origin or beginning, meant old-fashioned. Surprisingly, the earliest instances o<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">f \u201carchaic\u201d the dictionary lists date from the 1830s, and it appears to have entered English via the French \u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">archa\u00efque\u201d, as the Speaker implied. However, contrary to his suggestion, the English spelling is as close to the classical Greek as it is to 19<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> century French.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Greek root \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7-<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">gave many derivatives, running to seven columns in Liddell &amp; Scott\u2019s <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Greek\u2013English Lexicon<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, including the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">noun <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, origin or beginning, the verb <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, to begin, and \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03c2 a chief or leader.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Many words in English begin with arch-, denoting either leadership or beginnings. Among the former is architect, a chief builder (\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd), although the arch that he designs comes from a different root altogether, arcus, Latin for a bow. Archdukes, archangels, and archbishops are all leaders in their fields. The Greeks called the Aegean sea the Archipelago, literally the chief sea, and the meaning was then transferred to the many islands found there. Although \u201carch-\u201d in its leadership sense often comes at the beginning of the word, as you would expect, it can also come at the end, as in monarch, oligarch, matriarch and patriarch, anarch, ecclesiarch, and hierarchy. Words that reflect the idea of a beginning also begin with \u201carch-\u201d and include archetype, archaeology, archaeopteryx, and of course archaic. Medical forms include archiblast, archicortex, and archicerebellum. Hydrarch, mesarch, and xerarch end in\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">-arch meaning beginning; they are plants that originate in wet, middling, or dry conditions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A rare derivative, archeus, can be found in the works of Paracelsus and later philosophers (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/CLEFVH\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Figure 1<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">). Paracelsus is perhaps most famous for having propounded the principle of dose-responsiveness in 1564. But, as the Speaker was keen to remind Mr Rees-Mogg, archaism does not preclude modern relevance. Paracelsus\u2019s archaic principle, about which more next week, is as important today as it ever was.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2019\/08\/aronson_archaic.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-45276 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2019\/08\/aronson_archaic.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"669\" height=\"428\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2019\/08\/aronson_archaic.jpg 669w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2019\/08\/aronson_archaic-300x192.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2019\/08\/aronson_archaic-640x409.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 669px) 100vw, 669px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong>\u00a0is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford&#8217;s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Competing interests:<\/strong>\u00a0None declared.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On 18 March 2019 the Speaker of the House of Commons, John Bercow, invoked a principle, dating back to 1604 and last used in 1920, that dictates that MPs may [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2019\/08\/02\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-archaic\/\">More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":38359,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5762],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-45275","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jeff-aronsons-words"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Jeffrey Aronson: When I Use a Word . . . 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