{"id":44797,"date":"2019-06-11T15:39:17","date_gmt":"2019-06-11T14:39:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=44797"},"modified":"2019-06-20T10:51:39","modified_gmt":"2019-06-20T09:51:39","slug":"fictional-heroes-take-on-real-public-health-problems-japans-use-of-manga-and-anime-in-health-campaigns","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2019\/06\/11\/fictional-heroes-take-on-real-public-health-problems-japans-use-of-manga-and-anime-in-health-campaigns\/","title":{"rendered":"Fictional heroes take on real public health problems: Japan\u2019s use of manga and anime in health campaigns"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"standfirst\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Public health authorities need to get creative in how they communicate with the public, say Hiroshi Naruse, Kazuaki Jindai, and Tomoya Saito<\/span><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>The success or failure of any community health campaign rests on how well it engages with the public. When the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) began working on new campaigns to curtail the transmission of communicable diseases, we knew that this must be our starting point.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/wp\/hakusyo\/kousei\/14\/dl\/1-02-1.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Recent research<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from the MHLW, which investigated the Japanese public\u2019s perception of health, had highlighted that the majority of the public didn\u2019t perceive communicable disease as a particularly big health threat. When we surveyed the public in 2014 and asked them, \u201cWhat do you think is the most important health risk\/threat?\u201d only 5% of people identified communicable disease as the most important, compared with 11% in 2004. We therefore decided that our strategic message had to be designed to help the public recognise their own infection risk to communicable diseases. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">With public engagement key<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">,<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the MHLW decided to feature prominent characters from manga and anime in a wide range of communicable disease prevention projects (see figures). The ministry has made use of this collaboration in campaigns since 2016 and has found that this tactic can be a powerful tool to reach out to the population. With their established storyline and universal recognition by the Japanese public across various generations, anime and manga have proved to be an ingenious, compelling vehicle to disseminate our message. We\u2019ve run these campaigns through both traditional and social media, while their tie in with manga has also helped them to spread by word of mouth at offices, schools, and homes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Many of the campaigns employ witty puns and use catchphrases connected to the characters. For instance, the signature phrase of the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u201cIn the name of the moon, I will punish you!\u201d was rephrased to \u201cI will punish you if you don\u2019t get tested (for STI)!\u201d (Figure 1A). The name of the anime character \u201cMazinger Z\u201d sounded like \u201cMeasles Will Be Zero\u201d in Japanese and our campaign played on this similarity to raise awareness of how Japanese residents with a low immunity to measles travelling internationally are at risk of infection (Figure 1B).<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_44802\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-44802\" style=\"width: 790px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2019\/06\/japan_health_anime1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-44802 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2019\/06\/japan_health_anime1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"790\" height=\"588\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2019\/06\/japan_health_anime1.jpg 790w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2019\/06\/japan_health_anime1-300x223.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2019\/06\/japan_health_anime1-768x572.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2019\/06\/japan_health_anime1-640x476.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-44802\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>A: Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon: Promotion of testing for sexually transmitted infections. (\u00a9Naoko Takeuchi, period of use November 2016 to undecided date) B: Mazinger Z: Awareness and Prevention in measles infection overseas. (\u00a9Go Nagai\/DynamicPlanning-MZFilmPartners, period of use July 2017 to March 2020) NOTE: Period of use can be changed<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">W<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">e also created an antimicrobial resistance (AMR) campaign, which was developed jointly with the <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/amr.ncgm.go.jp\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">AMR Clinical Reference Center<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u2014a project commissioned by the MHLW to promote <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/file\/06-Seisakujouhou-10900000-Kenkoukyoku\/0000138942.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Japan\u2019s National Action Plan on AMR<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This campaign<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">capitalised on the name of a main character from an anime series\u2014Amuro, which sounds like \u201cA,\u201d \u201cM,\u201d \u201cR\u201d in Japanese\u2014in order to raise awareness of issues in AMR and to highlight how the public can contribute to the fight against AMR (Figure 1C). The salient characters from <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Attack on Titan<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> promoted cough etiquette by showing respiratory hygiene measures that the MHLW recommends for in public: cover the mouth and nose every time you cough and sneeze by using a disposable tissue or handkerchief, cough and sneeze into your upper sleeves, or wear a mask (Figure 1D)<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_44803\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-44803\" style=\"width: 789px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2019\/06\/japan_anime_health2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-44803 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2019\/06\/japan_anime_health2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"789\" height=\"586\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2019\/06\/japan_anime_health2.jpg 789w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2019\/06\/japan_anime_health2-300x223.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2019\/06\/japan_anime_health2-768x570.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2019\/06\/japan_anime_health2-640x475.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 789px) 100vw, 789px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-44803\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>C: Mobile Suit Gundam: Awareness of antimicrobial resistance in public and promotion of judicious outpatient use of antimicrobial agents. (\u00a9SOTSU\u30fbSUNRISE, period of use September 2017 to March 2018) D: Attack on Titan: Cough etiquette promotion (\u00a9Hajime Isayama, KODANSHA\/\u201cATTACK ON TITAN&#8221; Production Committee. All Rights Reserved, period of use December 2017 to March 2020) NOTE: Period of use can be changed<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Such unexpected and creative embracing of manga and anime characters by the MHLW altered the public\u2019s stereotypical view of the organisation as a traditional health authority. Consequently, it has received favourable responses from <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.japantimes.co.jp\/news\/2017\/10\/11\/national\/science-health\/japans-health-ministry-enlists-anime-hero-battle-overuse-antibiotics\/#.XPCoky_AOgz\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the mass media<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/feature-stories\/detail\/creative-campaigns-spread-awareness-on-antibiotic-resistance\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the World Health Organization<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">which praised the AMR campaign for its ability to \u201cshare information with the public without sending a message of doom and gloom.\u201d This approach encourages the target population to share our campaign message through social media, which helps us communicate with otherwise hard to reach audiences who would not ordinarily be interested in infectious disease prevention or be aware of their own exposure risks.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">During the planning process of this collaboration with the manga and anime community, securing buy-in and cooperation from copyright holders was instrumental to getting our campaign ideas off the ground. We convinced the creators and artists behind these manga and anime that the characters\u2019 contribution to improving population health would not harm their image and perhaps enhance it.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In our series of campaigns, fictional heroes are taking on \u201creal\u201d public health threats. Yet more than that they\u2019re also entreating the public to join them, underscoring how key public buy-in is to overcoming public health challenges. Our collaboration demonstrates that if public health authorities want to advance a public health message that is struggling to resonate with or reach people, it is sometimes necessary to become creative in the way they communicate with the public.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, sans-serif\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-44799\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2019\/06\/Hiroshi-Naruse.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"102\" height=\"138\" \/><\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, sans-serif\"><strong>Hiroshi Naruse<\/strong> is a unit chief at the Infectious Disease Control Division, Health Service Bureau, MHLW, Japan.\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Competing interests:<\/strong> None declared. <\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, sans-serif\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-44800\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2019\/06\/Kazuaki-Jindai.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"102\" height=\"138\" \/>Kazuaki\u00a0<span class=\"il\">Jindai<\/span> <\/strong>was a medical officer in the Infectious Disease Emergency Specialist (IDES) Program from April 2017 to May 2019 at the Infectious Disease Control Division, Health Service Bureau, MHLW. He is currently affiliated with the Department of Healthcare Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Japan.\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Competing interests:<\/strong> None declared.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, sans-serif\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-44801\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2019\/06\/Tomoya-Saito.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"102\" height=\"138\" \/><\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, sans-serif\"><strong>Tomoya Saito<\/strong> is a senior chief researcher at the Department of Health Crisis Management, the National Institute of Public Health. His research interests are biosecurity and public health emergency preparedness.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Competing interests:<\/strong> None declared.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, sans-serif\"><strong>Corresponding email address:<\/strong><a href=\"mailto:jindai.kazuaki.84a@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp\"> jindai.kazuaki.84a@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">All authors (HN, KJ, TS) participated in the concept of the manuscript. HN and KJ wrote the first draft with equal contribution; and then all authors edited and finalised the manuscript. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Acknowledgement:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The authors thank Dr Kuniaki Miyake and Dr Hiroyuki Noda<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">from the<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infectious Disease Division, Health Service Bureau, MHLW,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">for their helpful feedback on the concept of the manuscript. The opinions expressed in this article are that of the authors and do not reflect the official policy of the MHLW and National Institute of Public Health.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Public health authorities need to get creative in how they communicate with the public, say Hiroshi Naruse, Kazuaki Jindai, and Tomoya Saito [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2019\/06\/11\/fictional-heroes-take-on-real-public-health-problems-japans-use-of-manga-and-anime-in-health-campaigns\/\">More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":44805,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[263],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-44797","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-global-health"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - 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