{"id":43395,"date":"2018-11-09T12:39:13","date_gmt":"2018-11-09T11:39:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=43395"},"modified":"2018-11-16T16:27:48","modified_gmt":"2018-11-16T15:27:48","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-the-medicines-act-1968-and-the-british-pharmacopoeia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2018\/11\/09\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-the-medicines-act-1968-and-the-british-pharmacopoeia\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . The Medicines Act 1968 and the British Pharmacopoeia"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-32935\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson-223x300.jpg\" alt=\"jeffrey_aronson\" width=\"122\" height=\"146\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As I mentioned <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/%202018\/11\/02\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-the-1618-pharmacopoeia-londinensis\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">last week<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pharmacopoeia Londinensis<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dublin Pharmacopoeia<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> were eventually combined, in 1864, to form the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">British Pharmacopoeia<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pharmacopoeia Britannica<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">), as recommended and announced in the Medical Acts of 1858 and 1862 respectively. It is still with us, published annually, under the aegis of the British Pharmacopoeia Commission and the Commission on Human Medicines.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/Vict\/21-22\/90\/contents\/enacted\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Medical Act 1858<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> gave the responsibility for producing the new pharmacopoeia to a Commission established by the General Council of Medical Education and Registration of the United Kingdom (now the General Medical Council), which the Act had also established. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Medicines Act 1968 deals with the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">British Pharmacopoeia<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in Part VII, Sections 98\u2013103. It says that \u201cif by any instrument executed after the passing of this Act the General Medical Council assign [<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">sic<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">] to Her Majesty the copyright in the British Pharmacopoeia, in so far as that copyright is invested in the Council, then on the date on which that asisgnment is expressed to take effect \u2026 section 47 of the Medical Act 1956 (which relates to the publication of the British Pharmacopoeia under the direction of the Council) shall cease to have effect.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In fact, the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pharmacopoeia.com\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">British Pharmacopoeia Commission<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was established soon afterwards, in 1970, as a Section 4 committee under the <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/1968\/67\/pdfs\/ukpga_19680067_en.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Medicines Act 1968<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and it replaced the Commission that the General Medical Council had established. The British Pharmacopoeia Commission is responsible for preparing new editions of the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">British Pharmacopoeia<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">British Pharmacopoeia (Veterinary)<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, for keeping them up to date, and for selecting and devising British Approved Names (BANs) of medicines. For the most part, those names are the same as the International Nonproprietary Names (INNs) <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26701761\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">devised<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> by the WHO.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The word \u201cpharmacopoeia\u201d, comes from the Greek word \u03d5\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03af\u03b1, literally \u201cdrug-making\u201d, which was found in the post-classical (Hellenistic) dialect called Koine. Instances in mediaeval Latin include the titles of books such as <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pharmacopoeia seu de medicamentorum simplicium delectu: praeparationibus, mistionis modo<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> by Jacques Dubois (Basel, 1552) and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pharmacopoeia, medicamentorum omnium, quae hodie ad publica medentium munia in officinis extant<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> by Anutius Foesius (Basel, 1561).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cPharmacopoeia\u201d entered English at the start of the 17<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> century. Coincidentally the first recorded instance is from 1618, the year in which the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pharmacopoeia Londinensis<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was first published, and is found in a reference to a \u201cPharmacopaea\u201d by Querketanus in a translation by <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Bretnor,_Thomas_(DNB00)\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Thomas Bretnor<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of a Latin text by Angelus Sala Vincentinus Venitus (1576\u20131637) called <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Opiologia<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">:<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> or, A treatise concerning the nature, properties, true preparation and safe use and administration of opium. For the comfort and ease of all such persons as are inwardly afflicted with any extreame grief, or languishing pain, especially such as deprive the body of all natural rest, and can be cured by no other means or medicine whatsoever<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. A pharmacopoeia is \u201can authoritative or official treatise containing listings of approved drugs with their formulations, standards of purity and strength, and uses\u201d (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Oxford English Dictionary<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">). In the early 18<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> century it also came to mean a dispensary or collection of medicines, as Nathan Bailey put it in his <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Universal Etymological English Dictionary<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of 1721 (Figure 1), but it is the earlier meaning that prevails today.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43396 alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2018\/11\/aronson_pharmacopeia2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"294\" height=\"270\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>Figure 1.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Words beginning with \u201cpharmaco-\u201d in Nathan Bailey\u2019s dictionary<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">An earlier word still, \u201cpharmacopinax\u201d, came from the Greek word \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03be, a board or plank, a platter, a public notice board, and a board or plate for painting, drawing, or printing on, a writing-tablet. In postclassical Latin it meant an astronomical table or a table for calculating the date of Easter. It also appeared in several Latin titles, such as <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pinax iconicus antiquorum ac variorum in sepulturis rituum\u201d <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">by Lilius Gregorius Giraldus (Lyon, 1556), <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pinax theatri botanici<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> by Caspar Bauhin (Basel, 1623), and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pinax rerum naturalium Britannicarum<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, by Christopher Merrett (London, 1666). However, the only English pharmacopoeial instance of which I am aware is <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pharmaco-Pinax, or a Table and Taxe of the Pryces of all vsuall Medicaments, Simple and composed, contained in D. Gordon\u2019s \u00a0Apothecarie and Chymicall Shop<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, published in Aberdeen in 1625 (Figure 2). A table of tablets, so to speak.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43397 alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2018\/11\/aronson_pharmacopeia3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"257\" height=\"397\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2018\/11\/aronson_pharmacopeia3.png 257w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2018\/11\/aronson_pharmacopeia3-194x300.png 194w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 257px) 100vw, 257px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>Figure 2.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u00a0The title page of the Aberdeen Pharmaco-Pinax of 1625<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong>\u00a0is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford&#8217;s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Competing interests:<\/strong>\u00a0None declared.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As I mentioned last week, the Pharmacopoeia Londinensis, the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia, and the Dublin Pharmacopoeia were eventually combined, in 1864, to form the British Pharmacopoeia (Pharmacopoeia Britannica), as recommended and [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2018\/11\/09\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-the-medicines-act-1968-and-the-british-pharmacopoeia\/\">More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":38359,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5762],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-43395","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jeff-aronsons-words"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . 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