{"id":43352,"date":"2018-11-02T15:14:41","date_gmt":"2018-11-02T14:14:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=43352"},"modified":"2018-11-09T12:39:11","modified_gmt":"2018-11-09T11:39:11","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-the-1618-pharmacopoeia-londinensis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2018\/11\/02\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-the-1618-pharmacopoeia-londinensis\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . The 1618 Pharmacopoeia Londinensis"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-32935\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson-223x300.jpg\" alt=\"jeffrey_aronson\" width=\"122\" height=\"146\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This year we celebrate not only the 50<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> anniversary of the <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/1968\/67\/pdfs\/ukpga_19680067_en.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Medicines Act 1968<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, aspects of which I have been discussing during the last few weeks, but also the 400<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> anniversary of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bps.ac.uk\/getmedia\/3083cdcc-0d0f-433e-9b2e-4b43a76ef106\/Pharmacology-Matters-July-2018.pdf.aspx?ext=.pdf\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pharmacopoeia Londinensis<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, published in 1618, and the 500<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> anniversary of the foundation in 1518 of the College of Physicians, as it then was, by Henry VIII. These events are linked.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">When the College was founded, medicines could be prescribed by <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2016\/01\/29\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-apothecaries\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">apothecaries<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> as well as by physicians. Apothecaries originally purveyed non-perishable commodities\u2014spices, drugs, comfits, preserves, and the like. They were members of the Guild of Grocers, classed with pepperers and spicers, but they gradually focused on medicines, and by about the middle of the 14th century they were practitioners who prepared and sold drugs for medicinal purposes. However, in 1540 Henry VIII promulgated The Pharmacy Wares, Drugs, and Stuffs Act, empowering the physicians to inspect apothecaries\u2019 wares and destroy them if defective.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although the apothecaries were keen to be recognized as independent practitioners, their requests were refused until 1617, when The Worshipful Society of the Art and Mistery of Apothecaries was founded under James I. The title of the Society implied, perhaps, that a little hocus-pocus did not go amiss when your remedies had little or no efficacy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The College of Physicians had first discussed publishing a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1033332\/pdf\/medhist00160-0005.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">pharmacopoeia<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in 1585, intending it to be adopted by all apothecaries, but the task was considered too burdensome. However, the idea was revived in 1589, when it was \u201cproposed, considered, and resolved that one definitive public and uniform dispensatory or formulary of medical prescriptions, obligatory for apothecaries\u2019 shops, should be prepared.\u201d Preparation of the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pharmacopoeia<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> began, but progress was slow; the project lapsed in 1594 and was not revived until June 1614.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The foundation of the Society of Apothecaries in December 1617 had been supported by two Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians, Dr Henry Atkins and Sir Th\u00e9odore Turquet de Mayerne, both of whom had been working on the College\u2019s pharmacopoeia. Since the pharmacopoeia had always been intended to be used by all apothecaries, the physicians then increased their efforts. The <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pharmacopoeia Londinensis<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was published on 7 May 1618.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, the physicians then claimed that the first edition had been botched at the printers\u2019 shop. The College withdrew it and issued a greatly expanded revised version, which they designated the first edition, on 7 December 1618, claiming in an epilogue that the printer of the earlier version had \u201csnatched away from our hands this little work not yet finished off, \u00a0\u2026defiled with so many faults and errors, incomplete and mutilated because of lost and cut off members\u201d. Which is <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/babel.hathitrust.org\/cgi\/pt?id=mdp.39015072279998;view=1up;seq=9\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">supposedly<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> why the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pharmacopoeia Londinensis<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> had two first editions. Whether this was the true reason is unclear and other explanations are possible. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">For example, Clare Fowler, in an excellent <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/shop.rcplondon.ac.uk\/products\/pharmacopoeia-londinensis-1618-and-its-descendants?variant=12295846494286\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">recent account<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of the history of the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pharmacopoeia Londinensis<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, has suggested that Mayerne prematurely submitted his own version to the printer, to the dissatisfaction of the other Fellows, who replaced it with the later version. Comparison of the title pages of the two versions (Figure 1) suggests another possible explanation. The physicians may not have liked the title page in the first version, which shows some of the royal symbols, such as the lion and the unicorn, but not the King\u2019s or the College\u2019s coat of arms. The King himself may have been displeased with the first version\u2014his proclamation, that \u201call Apothecaries of this Realme [should] follow this Pharmacopoeia \u2026 upon paine of our high displeasure\u201d, was inadvertently omitted from the early impressions. Another reason for blaming the printer, Edward Griffin.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43354 alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2018\/11\/aronson_pharmacopeia.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"571\" height=\"421\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2018\/11\/aronson_pharmacopeia.png 571w, https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2018\/11\/aronson_pharmacopeia-300x221.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 571px) 100vw, 571px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>Figure 1.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The title pages of the two versions of the 1618 <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pharmacopoeia Londinensis<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Among the many differences, note the absence of the royal coat of arms and that of the College from the May 1618 version (left) and the difference in the spelling of the word \u201cPharmacopoe[i]a\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pharmacopoeia Londinensis<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> laid the foundations for other national pharmacopoeias, the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (1699) and the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dublin Pharmacopoeia<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (1807). The last edition of the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">London Pharmacopoeia<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the 11<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, appeared in 1851. By then the need for harmonization had become clear, particularly since the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834, with the institution of infirmaries and dispensaries, had resulted in increasing demands for medicines. The <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">British Pharmacopoeia<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pharmacopoeia Britannica<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">), recommended and announced in the Medical Acts of 1858 and 1862 respectively, appeared in 1864 and is still in use today. It was mentioned in the Medicines Act 1968, as I shall discuss next week.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong>\u00a0is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford&#8217;s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Competing interests:<\/strong>\u00a0None declared.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This year we celebrate not only the 50th anniversary of the Medicines Act 1968, aspects of which I have been discussing during the last few weeks, but also the 400th [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2018\/11\/02\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-the-1618-pharmacopoeia-londinensis\/\">More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":38359,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5762],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-43352","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jeff-aronsons-words"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . 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