{"id":43327,"date":"2018-10-26T15:58:30","date_gmt":"2018-10-26T14:58:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=43327"},"modified":"2018-11-02T15:14:39","modified_gmt":"2018-11-02T14:14:39","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-the-medicines-act-1968-and-compendia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2018\/10\/26\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-the-medicines-act-1968-and-compendia\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . The Medicines Act 1968 and Compendia"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"jeffrey_aronson\"<\/a>Last week<\/span><\/a> I noted that section 96(6) of the <\/span>Medicines Act 1968<\/span><\/a> required marketing authorization holders to publish information about their medicinal products in data sheets, whose form and contents were specified in the <\/span>Medicines (Data Sheet) Regulations<\/span><\/a> 1972.<\/span><\/p>\n

Section 2 of the Regulations required data sheets to be in the form of either a loose sheet or \u201ca page or part of a page \u2026 forming part of a publication consisting of a list of entries in respect of medicinal products\u201d. The Regulations referred to this as a \u201cdata sheet compendium\u201d. In December 1973 the Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry (ABPI), having collected as many data sheets as they could, from both members and non-members of the Association, published them in a single volume, confusingly titled \u201cData Sheet Compendium 1974\u201d. Such compendia then appeared annually until 2002, when the electronic compendium (<\/span>eMC<\/span><\/a>) first appeared and with it a print version (Figure 1).<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure 1.<\/b> The front cover of the 2002 edition of the Medicines Compendium, published by Datapharm Communications Ltd, Virtual Health Network Ltd, and Pharmaceutical Press, to accompany the first publication of the electronic Medicines Compendium; whereas previously the entries had been organized alphabetically by pharmaceutical company, this compendium organized products alphabetically by brand names, from Abelcet to Zyvox<\/span><\/p>\n

The IndoEuropean root [S]PEN meant to stretch, hang, or weigh. It gives us spider, spin, spindle, and spinster; pendant, pendulum, pendulous, pensive, expensive, expend, and spend; poise and avoirdupois; appendix, perpendicular, impend, stipend, suspend, suspense, and recompense. A dispensary is where drugs are weighed out. And \u201ccompendium\u201d (Latin cum, with, + pendere, to weigh) literally means weighing things together, giving economy of scale. So a compendium is \u201can abridgement or condensation of a larger work or treatise, giving the sense and substance, within smaller compass\u201d (<\/span>Oxford English Dictionary<\/span><\/i>). To clarify, I might make a compendium out of an encyclopedia by including all the entries it contains but abbreviating them. \u201cCompendious\u201d is defined as \u201ccontaining the substance within small compass, concise, succinct, summary; comprehensive though brief\u201d. Examples include William Salmon\u2019s <\/span>Synopsis Medicinae, or a Compendium of Astrological, Galenical, & Chymical Physick<\/span><\/i> (1671) and <\/span>A Compendious Medical Dictionary<\/span><\/i> by Robert Hooper (1798).<\/span><\/p>\n

But words can change meanings through misunderstandings. Here, for example, is George Steiner, Charles Eliot Norton Professor of Poetry at Harvard University, in a chapter titled \u201cThe Tongues of Eros\u201d in his 2008 volume of essays <\/span>My Unwritten Books<\/span><\/i>: \u201cThe most compendious of dictionaries is no more than an abridged shorthand, obsolescent even as it is published.\u201d Here Steiner is clearly using \u201ccompendious\u201d to mean \u201cencyclopaedic\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Neither Fowler in <\/span>Modern English Usage<\/span><\/i> (1926) nor Gowers in his 1965 revision mentioned \u201ccompendious\u201d. Eric Partridge, that acute observer of the verbal zeitgeist, noted it in his <\/span>Usage and Abusage<\/span><\/i> (1947), but merely said that it \u201cmay be applied to something that is briefly comprehensive, for its meaning is \u2018compact\u2019, \u2018concise\u2019, \u2018summary\u2019, \u2018succinct\u2019\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

But both Bob Burchfield in his 1996 edition of <\/span>Fowler<\/span><\/i> and Jeremy Butterfield in his 2015 edition say that \u201cLike many words indicating size, [compendious] is somewhat extendible in meaning, and is often misleadingly applied to works that are more marked by their comprehensiveness than by their conciseness\u201d. Here are two excellent examples. The first is from a book called <\/span>Ancient Forestry<\/span><\/i> (1969): \u201cLivy\u2019s history is an extraordinarily compendious work\u201d; Livy\u2019s <\/span>History of Rome From its Foundation<\/span><\/i> consisted of 142 volumes. The second is in the title of a 1967 <\/span>paper<\/span><\/a> in the Serbian journal <\/span>Vojnosanitetski Pregled<\/span><\/i> (the Military\u2013Medical and Pharmaceutical Review), \u2018Enciklopedije kao prirucnici znanja\u2019, translated in <\/span>Pubmed<\/span><\/a> as \u201cEncyclopedias as a compendium of knowledge\u201d. <\/span><\/p>\n

This change in meaning, a complete volte-face, is not to be found in the current online <\/span>OED<\/span><\/i> nor in the <\/span>Shorter Oxford<\/span><\/i>, although <\/span>Webster\u2019s New World College Dictionary<\/span><\/i> (4<\/span>th<\/span> edition, 1999) gives both \u201ccontaining all the essentials in a brief form; concise\u201d and \u201ccomprehensive; inclusive\u201d. Thus, Steiner\u2019s statement about dictionaries demonstrates its own truth: the encyclopedic <\/span>OED<\/span><\/i> is indeed abridged\u2014it does not define \u201ccompendious\u201d as Steiner uses it.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cCompendium\u201d is also, for example, being used in bioinformatics to mean a comprehensive database, as in <\/span>The Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties<\/span><\/a> and <\/span>compendium analysis<\/span><\/a>. But the Data Sheet Compendia are not compendia in the original sense. They are not concise, but comprehensive collections. Like others in the 1960s, the authors of The Medicines Act 1968, using the term 25 times in all, introduced a new meaning, and we have lost a useful word.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong>\u00a0is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford’s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/p>\n

Competing interests:<\/strong>\u00a0None declared.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Last week I noted that section 96(6) of the Medicines Act 1968 required marketing authorization holders to publish information about their medicinal products in data sheets, whose form and contents […]<\/p>\n

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