{"id":42435,"date":"2018-06-22T16:11:56","date_gmt":"2018-06-22T15:11:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=42435"},"modified":"2018-06-29T11:23:20","modified_gmt":"2018-06-29T10:23:20","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-the-days-of-pi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2018\/06\/22\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-the-days-of-pi\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . The Days of Pi"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"jeffrey_aronson\"<\/a>Earlier this year, my statistician colleagues invited me to join them for lunch on Pi Day. As resolved by the US Congress in 2009, after informal celebrations since <\/span>1988<\/span><\/a>, Pi Day is 14 March, from the fact that pi (\u03c0), the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, is 3.14, to two decimal places; 3.14 \u2192 3\/14 \u2192 March 14. Of course, we ate pies.<\/span><\/p>\n

Now 3.14 is a mere approximation of the exact value of \u03c0, which is an irrational number, whose decimal expansion is unending. It \u00a0was a shock to the Pythagoreans when they discovered that \u221a2 was irrational (see the Box). What they found was that although you can use a straight edge and compasses to draw the line that forms the hypotenuse of a right angled triangle whose right angle is enclosed by equal sides, you cannot measure it as a ratio of two numbers. It is incommensurable, or as they put it, inexpressible (\u1f04\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2). The horror lay in the discovery that some of the phenomena in the universe that can be described mathematically cannot be described as the ratio of two numbers. Reality trumps aesthetics. Or, as TH Huxley put it, the great tragedy of science is the slaying of a beautiful hypothesis by an ugly fact.<\/span><\/p>\n

Box.<\/b> Irrational and transcendental numbers<\/span>
\n\"\"<\/p>\n

But \u03c0 is not merely irrational; it is also transcendental. A transcendental number is an irrational number that cannot function as a solution to an equation of the type shown in the Box. Such numbers include \u03c0, 2\u221a2<\/sup>, and sin x. Although it was long recognized that \u03c0 was irrational, it was not until 1882 that Carl Louis Ferdinand von Lindemann proved that it was transcendental. He built on the work of Charles Hermite, who proved in 1873 that the irrational number <\/span>e<\/span><\/i> was also transcendental, as is e\u03c0<\/sup><\/span>. Since \u03c0 is transcendental, a line of length \u03c0 cannot be constructed. Squaring the circle means doing something impossible\u2014you cannot draw a square that has the same area as a given circle, because each of its sides would have a length that was a function of \u03c0. For example, a circle of radius 2 has an area of \u03c0r2<\/sup><\/span>, which equals 4\u03c0, and each side of the corresponding square would have to have a length of 2\u221a\u03c0 (3.5449\u2026). Futile attempts to square the circle go back at least as far as the Egyptian scribe Ahmes, as described in a document from the 17<\/span>th<\/span> century BC, called the Rhind papyrus (Figure).<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure.<\/b> The fallacious demonstration in the Rhind papyrus that one can drawn a square with the same area as a given circle; Ahmes wrote \u201cCut off 1\/9th of a diameter and construct a square on the remainder; this has the same area as the circle\u201d; if the diameter of the circle is 9 units, the area (\u03c0r2<\/sup>) is 20.25\u03c0 and the area of the square is 8<\/span>2<\/sup> = 64; this gives a value of \u03c0<\/span> of 64\/20.25 = 3.160493827, which is about 0.6% more than it should be (redrawn from <\/span>The Joy of Pi<\/span><\/i><\/a> by David Blatner)<\/span><\/p>\n

The great New Zealand mathematician <\/span>Alexander Aitken<\/span><\/a>, who was professor of mathematics in Edinburgh (1946\u201367) and whose memory was prodigious, memorized the expansion of \u03c0 to 2000 digits. \u201cIt would have been a reprehensibly useless feat,\u201d he said, \u201chad it not been so easy.\u201d On Pi Day 2004 Daniel Temmet, the autistic author of <\/span>Born on a Blue Day<\/span><\/i><\/a>, came to Oxford and recited the decimal expansion of \u03c0 from memory to 22\u00a0514 digits in five hours and nine minutes; it remains the record.<\/span><\/p>\n

For most general purposes an approximation of \u03c0 will do, and a common approximation, attributable to Archimedes, is 22\/7, which is 3.142857\u2026 only 0.04% less than the true value of 3.141592\u2026 So Pi Approximation Day is 22\/7 or 22 July, when you can eat approximate pies. <\/span><\/p>\n

The constant \u03c0 is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, C\/D and so the circumference is equal to 2\u03c0r, where r is the radius. This suggests a different way of looking at it, in terms of the radius rather than the diameter. The circle constant, as it has been called, is the ratio of the circumference to the radius, C\/r, and that equals 2\u03c0, which has also been called \u03c4 (<\/span>tau<\/span><\/a>), confusingly, since the letter tau (\u03c4) looks like half pi (\u03c0). The arguments in favour of tau as the constant to quote rather than pi were first made by mathematician <\/span>Bob Palais<\/span><\/a>. Tau equals roughly 6.28; so you can celebrate Tau Day, or Two Pi Day, on 28 June, by eating two pies.<\/span><\/p>\n

If you are torn between Pi Day and Tau Day you can compromise and celebrate Pau Day, where Pau = (Pi+Tau)\/2 = 4.7. Pau Day therefore falls on 4 July or, in America, 7 April.<\/span><\/p>\n

But now we recall that Pi Are Squared, and \u03c02<\/sup><\/span> equals roughly 9.8696. So why not celebrate Pi Squared Day on 9\/8, i.e. 9 August, or in America 8 September? If you round it up to 9.9, you can do it on 9 September too. You can order square pies.<\/span><\/p>\n

The next chances you will have to celebrate a variant of Pi Day will be Two Pi Day on 28 June and Pau Day on 4 July (Table). You may think it irrational to do so, but although when we celebrated Pi Day we did not experience <\/span>Kantian transcendentalism<\/span><\/a>, it was certainly very enjoyable. It did, however, cost us more than \u00a33.14p.<\/span><\/p>\n

Table.<\/b> Some Pi Days to celebrate<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Name<\/strong><\/td>\nNumber\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nNumerical date<\/strong><\/td>\nDate (UK reading)\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nDate (US reading)\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pi Day*<\/td>\n3.14159<\/td>\n3\/14<\/td>\n\u2013<\/td>\n14 March<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pi Approximation Day<\/a><\/td>\n22\/7<\/td>\n22\/7<\/td>\n22 July<\/td>\n\u2013<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tau Day (Two Pi Day)<\/a><\/td>\n6.28319<\/td>\n6\/2 or 6\/28 or 6\/3\u2020<\/td>\n6 February or 6 March<\/td>\n2, 3, or 28 June<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pau Day<\/td>\n4.71239<\/td>\n4\/7<\/td>\n4 July<\/td>\n7 April<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pi Squared Day<\/td>\n9.86960<\/td>\n9\/8 or 9\/9\u2020<\/td>\n9 August or 9 September<\/td>\n8 or 9 September<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

*March 2014 (3\/14) was celebrated as Pi Month and 14 March 2015 (3\/14\/15) was celebrated as Super Pi Day<\/span>
\n\u2020by rounding up<\/span><\/p>\n

Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong>\u00a0is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford’s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/p>\n

Competing interests:<\/strong>\u00a0None declared.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Earlier this year, my statistician colleagues invited me to join them for lunch on Pi Day. As resolved by the US Congress in 2009, after informal celebrations since 1988, Pi […]<\/p>\n

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