{"id":42252,"date":"2018-06-01T12:54:30","date_gmt":"2018-06-01T11:54:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=42252"},"modified":"2018-06-08T15:06:56","modified_gmt":"2018-06-08T14:06:56","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-verbalization","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2018\/06\/01\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-verbalization\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . Verbalization"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"jeffrey_aronson\"<\/a>A <\/span>few weeks ago<\/span><\/a> I listed seven method of creating neologisms, or neologizing. The word \u201cneologize\u201d was itself a neologism in the early part of the 19<\/span>th<\/span> century, and it exemplifies an eighth method\u2014making one part of speech out of another. <\/span>Last week<\/span><\/a> I discussed the spelling of words ending in \u2013ize, so consider this neologistic method: take a noun or adjective; add\u2013ize, making a verb; now change the \u2013ize to \u2013ization, making another noun, or \u2013izable, making another adjective, or \u2013izability, making another noun.<\/span><\/p>\n

Some dislike this method, because they think that it is nasty, modern, and American to boot. They are wrong. The habit has a long pedigree, and the earliest examples are English. Of over 1300 \u2013izations listed in the <\/span>Oxford English Dictionary<\/span><\/i>, from absolutization to zeolitization, the earliest go back to the 14<\/span>th<\/span> century: canonization (Wyclif, 1380) and exorcization (Chaucer, 1384). Other early examples include organization (1425) and authorization (1472), cicatrization (1543) and cauterization (1579), and aromatization (1603) and embolization (1677). [The dates in parentheses are those of the first citations in the dictionary.] Authors cited in the earliest examples include Coleridge, De Quincy, John Donne, John Evelyn, Joseph Priestley, and Thomas Addison. The most fruitful period was the second half of the 19<\/span>th<\/span> century, with 423 examples, and 125 new citations in the 1880s alone, including atropinization, keratinization, and metamerization.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure 1.<\/b> The numbers of new instances of words ending in \u2013ization, from citations in the<\/span> OED <\/span><\/i>(accessed 1 June 2018; running totals from consecutive five decades)<\/span><\/p>\n

Among 138 \u2013izables, three are from the 15<\/span>th<\/span> century: unprizable (about 1400), authorizable (Lydgate, 1475), and prizable (1493). The earliest of 31 \u2013izabilities is crystallizability (1765).<\/span><\/p>\n

The BMJ <\/span><\/em>reviewed<\/span><\/a> the <\/span>New English Dictionary<\/span><\/i>, which is what the <\/span>OED<\/span><\/i> was originally called, on 23 October 1886, after publication of its first two fascicles, and later carried further reviews and a regular feature titled \u201cMedical Terms In The New English Dictionary\u201d, highlighting medical words of interest. Among medical \u2013izations that appear in the dictionary, picked at random, are anaesthetization (1860), not long after Oliver Wendell Holmes invented \u201canaesthetic\u201d in 1846, but some time after the first appearance of \u201canaesthesia\u201d in Bailey’s <\/span>Universal Etymological English Dictionary<\/span><\/i> of 1721; phlebotomization (1598), although \u201cphlebotomy\u201d first appeared in about 1400; and \u201cvaccinization\u201d, meaning vaccination continued or repeated until the vaccine virus has no effect, although the dictionary cites only one example.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c<\/span>Medicalization<\/span><\/a>\u201d entered English in the 1960s having already been found in French (m\u00e9dicalisation) in the 1950s. Here is an early example from a paper titled \u201c<\/span>An abortion clinic ethnography<\/span><\/a>\u201d by Donald W Ball in the journal <\/span>Social Problems <\/span><\/i>in 1967<\/span>, in which the inverted commas that surround the word imply its recency: \u201cTreating as routine the patron’s problem helps minimize anxiety inherent in such situations. Parallel to \u00a0this is a \u2018medicalization\u2019 of the situation, also helping to disarm the patron vis-\u00e0-vis the deviant nature of the proposed transaction; at all times, the terminology is that of conventional medicine and surgery.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

The <\/span>Oxford English Dictionary<\/span><\/i> didn\u2019t define medicalization until 1997 (in the third volume of its <\/span>Additions Series<\/span><\/i>): \u201cTo give a medical character to; to involve medicine or medical workers in; to view or interpret in (esp. unnecessarily) medical terms\u201d, although it had earlier appeared in Jonathon Green\u2019s <\/span>Dictionary of Jargon<\/span><\/i> (1987), defined as a sociological term meaning \u201cthe increasing practice of attaching medical labels to behaviour considered as socially or morally undesirable.\u201d These definitions imply that by categorizing something as a disease, including natural processes, such as birth, the menopause, and the loss of beauty that accompanies ageing, you make its effects susceptible of being cured or at least ameliorated. <\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
Ivan Illich (1926\u20132002)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

According to Ivan Illich, in his 1975 diatribe <\/span>Medical Nemesis<\/span><\/i>, doctors had medicalized various aspects of life, including ageing, death, pain, patients\u2019 expectations, and healing and preventive therapies. Illich proposed that the things that people traditionally did or organized for themselves were being expropriated by governmental institutions and the so-called \u201cdisabling professions\u201d. Institutionalized healthcare\u2014medicalization\u2014impaired health in the same way that, as he later wrote in The <\/em><\/span>BMJ<\/span><\/a><\/em>, \u201cschools impeded learning; transportation contrived to make feet redundant; communications warped conversation\u201d. Nowadays we might call that \u201ctoo much medicine\u201d. I prefer to call it <\/span>too much healthcare<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong>\u00a0is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford’s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/p>\n

Competing interests:<\/strong>\u00a0None declared.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A few weeks ago I listed seven method of creating neologisms, or neologizing. The word \u201cneologize\u201d was itself a neologism in the early part of the 19th century, and it […]<\/p>\n

More…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":38359,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5762],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-42252","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jeff-aronsons-words"],"yoast_head":"\nJeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . Verbalization - The BMJ<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2018\/06\/01\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-verbalization\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . 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