{"id":42228,"date":"2018-06-01T14:09:59","date_gmt":"2018-06-01T13:09:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=42228"},"modified":"2018-06-01T14:11:39","modified_gmt":"2018-06-01T13:11:39","slug":"neville-goodmans-metaphor-watch-uncommon-words","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2018\/06\/01\/neville-goodmans-metaphor-watch-uncommon-words\/","title":{"rendered":"Neville Goodman&#8217;s metaphor watch: Uncommon words"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/02\/neville_goodman.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-33270\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/02\/neville_goodman-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"neville_goodman\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are some words that I keep having to look up. They are not common words, and in the intervals before seeing them again I forget what they mean. It took me years to remember that <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">picaresque<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> meant pertaining to rogues, rather than being a misprint for <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">picturesque<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. I\u2019m not absolutely sure what <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">nugatory<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> means, and I confuse it with <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">insouciant<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. I\u2019m careful not to use these words at all. I\u2019m in favour of short, common words, to avoid being misunderstood or thought pretentious.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A news story about the finding of an Islamic holy text written over an earlier Christian text\u2014scraps of manuscript expected to fetch around \u00a3100 000 at auction at Christie\u2019s in London\u2014brought up the word <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">palimpsest<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a word I confuse with <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">palanquin<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. A (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">COD<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">palanquin<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is a covered litter for one person carried by bearers. There\u2019s not much scope for metaphor there, and indeed there is only one entry in Pubmed\u00ae: <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">palanquin<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was the codename of a nuclear test in 1965. But a <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">palimpsest<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">COD<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) is a surface on which later writing has been superimposed, or something bearing visible traces of an earlier form. Although I didn\u2019t recall ever seeing the word in a medical text, there were definite metaphorical possibilities.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They are well applied: to taxonomy, genetics, neurology, and immunology, among other disciplines. The embryology of higher creatures imposes later developments upon earlier ones. Having &#8220;palimpsest memory&#8221; means that new patterns can replace old patterns without destroying the integrity of the whole memory. But the word is so uncommon that it needs explanation. There is a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4747652\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">review<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of how the ideas of immune function developed titled, \u201cImmune cell identity: perspective from a palimpsest\u201d, but <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">palimpsest<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> does not appear either in the abstract or in the text. Knowing the meaning, I think what it refers to is that each succeeding model of immune function shows the existing limits \u201cbeyond which another model needed to assume the lead\u201d: except that this cannot be a perspective <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">from<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> a palimpsest; surely it is a perspective <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">of<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> a palimpsest. I suspect that most readers, if they didn\u2019t know the meaning or look it up, will simply have ignored it.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cA probabilistic <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5130073\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">palimpsest model <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">of visual short-term memory\u201d does better. Its first mention in the text, as a model of memory with items overlaid, is followed in the next sentence by, \u201cA conventional palimpsest is a manuscript\u2026 partly cleaned\u2026 [and] written upon again\u2026\u201d. Now readers are in no doubt, and so a useful word is properly borrowed from another discipline. A later <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5130073\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">article<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> on the same subject explains that, \u201cA network with palimpsest memory is able to learn new patterns one-by-one, while sequentially forgetting earlier patterns\u201d but does not explain the word, nor reference the earlier article. Maybe the word is well known among memory neurophysiologists. In a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4224099\/#B33\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2014 paper<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the authors describe their model as a palimpsest, citing an article from 1986. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1209%2F0295-5075%2F1%2F10%2F008\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This was<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the oldest mention I could find: \u201cNew patterns are stored on top of previous ones, which get progressively erased. For this reason, such a memory may be figuratively termed a palimpsest.\u201d The authors are quite right, but I think most readers will have needed a dictionary.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The palimpsest of a Qur\u2019an copied onto a Christian bible fetched <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.finebooksmagazine.com\/press\/2018\/05\/outstanding-auction-result-for-an-unrecorded-quran-palimpsest-copied-on-an-earlier-coptic-bible.phtml\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">nearly \u00a3600 000<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Neville Goodman<\/strong>\u00a0is a retired consultant anaesthetist and a writer. He is co-author of a book on medical English.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Competing interests:<\/strong>\u00a0I have read and understood BMJ policy on declaration of interests and declare that my only competing interest is my co-authorship of a book about medical English.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>There are some words that I keep having to look up. They are not common words, and in the intervals before seeing them again I forget what they mean. It [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2018\/06\/01\/neville-goodmans-metaphor-watch-uncommon-words\/\">More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5763],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-42228","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-metaphor-watch"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Neville Goodman&#039;s metaphor watch: Uncommon words - The BMJ<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2018\/06\/01\/neville-goodmans-metaphor-watch-uncommon-words\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Neville Goodman&#039;s metaphor watch: Uncommon words - The BMJ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"There are some words that I keep having to look up. 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