{"id":42186,"date":"2018-05-25T12:17:02","date_gmt":"2018-05-25T11:17:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=42186"},"modified":"2018-06-01T12:55:24","modified_gmt":"2018-06-01T11:55:24","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-the-ize-have-it","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2018\/05\/25\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-the-ize-have-it\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . The \u2013ize have it"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"jeffrey_aronson\"<\/a>While we are <\/span>talking about differences<\/span><\/a> between British and American English, let me ask you this: when you discuss mixed function oxidases, now known as CYPs, as I\u2019m sure all my readers often do, do you think their function is to oxidise or oxidize? Well, contrary to common belief in the UK, the appropriate English spelling, American and British, is with \u2013ize, rather than \u2013ise.<\/span><\/p>\n

Many words ending in \u2013ize originally derived from Greek verbs ending in \u2013<\/span>\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/span> (\u2013izein), a suffix that was added to a noun to create a verbal infinitive, either transitive (meaning \u201cto make or conform to, or treat in the way of, the thing expressed by the derivation\u201d, for example anatomize) or intransitive (\u201cto act some person or character, do or follow some practice\u201d, for example philosophize).<\/span><\/p>\n

Although Greek had zeta (<\/span>\u03b6<\/span>), the letter zed was not a common feature in classical Latin. It did occur, but usually only in words transliterated from Greek (for example zaeus, zamia, zea, zelo, zingiberi, ziziphum, zodiacus, zona, zoophthalmon, zoster) or Persian (azania, azymus, gizeria, maza, mazonomum, ozaena, pezica, rhizias, rizagra). However, in the 3<\/span>rd<\/span> century AD Latin introduced the suffix \u2013izare to turn nouns into verbs, usually transitive ones (meaning \u201cto make [that which is expressed by the derivation]\u201d, for example immortalize, to make immortal).<\/span><\/p>\n

So English words that derive from Greek and Latin should be spelled with \u2013ize, appropriate to etymology and pronunciation. Likewise, for consistency, verbs derived from nouns from other languages. This includes verbs formed from proper names (such as mesmerize and Americanize) and from names of chemical compounds (such as atropinize, curarize, digitalize, and oxidize).<\/span><\/p>\n

So why can these words be spelt with \u2013ise instead of \u2013ize? Well blame the French\u2014they changed the Latin \u2013izare to \u2013iser. The Italians (\u2013izzare) and the Spanish and Portuguese (\u2013izar) retained the zed. Of course, English wouldn\u2019t be English if there weren\u2019t some words ending in \u2013ize that can\u2019t be spelt \u2013ise: assize, capsize, prize, seize, and size. The exceptions to the \u2013ize rule are listed in Table 1, which also shows the etymological reasons. Note that none is from Greek and that they mostly derive from verbs, rather than nouns. They just happen to end in \u2013ise.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

So how often do people use the different forms? Well, when I looked for oxidize and oxidise as textwords in Pubmed there were 91077 versus 5127 citations, i.e. 95% in favour of \u2013ize (see Table 2).<\/span> In contrast, nouns that end in \u2013lysis should form verbs ending in \u2013lyse, but \u2013lyze is often seen. The PubMed occurrences of \u2013lyse\/\u2013lyze words (ana\u2013, auto\u2013, bacterio\u2013, cata\u2013, cyto\u2013, dia\u2013, electro\u2013, h(a)emato\u2013, h(a)emo\u2013, histo\u2013, hydro\u2013, leukocyto\u2013, neuro\u2013, para\u2013, photo\u2013, plasmo\u2013, proteo\u2013, radio\u2013, thermo\u2013, zymo\u2013, and lyse itself) are given in Table 2, showing a surprisingly even distribution between the two forms.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

In <\/span>Modern English Usage<\/span><\/i> (1926) Fowler made it clear that he favoured the etymologically appropriate form \u2013ize: \u201cThe difficulty of remembering which [the] \u2013<\/span>ise<\/span><\/i> verbs are is in fact the only reason for making \u2013<\/span>ise<\/span><\/i> universal, and the sacrifice of significance to ease does not seem justified.\u201d In the 1965 edition, Ernest Gowers left that statement unchanged. And Eric Partridge in <\/span>Usage and Abusage<\/span><\/i> (1972) was unequivocal: \u201cUse \u2013IZE.\u201d In contrast, Robert Burchfield in <\/span>The New Fowler\u2019s Modern English Usage<\/span><\/i> (1996) wrote, \u201cThe matter remains delicately balanced but unresolved. The primary rule is that all words of the type authorize\/authorise, civilize\/civilise, legalize\/legalise may legitimately be spelt with either \u2013ize or \u2013ise throughout the English speaking world except in America, where \u2013ize is compulsory\u201d. In\u00a0Fowler’s Dictionary of Modern English Usage<\/i>\u00a0(2015), Jeremy Butterfield left out the first of Burchfield’s sentences that I have quoted, but left the second, apart from changing “compulsory” to “always used”. Burchfield\u2019s typically non-judgmental opinions on such matters reflected current usage, and presumably \u2013ize and \u2013ise were equally represented in his database. <\/span>However<\/span><\/a>, he was not very scientifically aware, and the PubMed evidence suggests that in the bioscience literature \u2013ize predominates worldwide.<\/span><\/p>\n

As the <\/span>Oxford English Dictionary<\/span><\/i> puts it, \u201cThere is no reason why in English the special French spelling should be followed, in opposition to that which is at once etymological and phonetic.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

In other words, the \u2013ize have it.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong>\u00a0is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford’s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/p>\n

Competing interests:<\/strong>\u00a0None declared.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

While we are talking about differences between British and American English, let me ask you this: when you discuss mixed function oxidases, now known as CYPs, as I\u2019m sure all […]<\/p>\n

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