{"id":42015,"date":"2018-05-04T16:09:53","date_gmt":"2018-05-04T15:09:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=42015"},"modified":"2018-05-11T11:11:50","modified_gmt":"2018-05-11T10:11:50","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-amerilexidophobia-and-spelling","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2018\/05\/04\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-amerilexidophobia-and-spelling\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . Amerilexicophobia and spelling"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"jeffrey_aronson\"<\/a>In my last two blogs I discussed <\/span>neologisms<\/span><\/a> and <\/span>how to create them<\/span><\/a>, citing examples from the <\/span>Times Literary Supplement<\/span><\/i>. I have since come across another in the same journal (20 April, number 6003): amerilexicophobia (misprinted in the TLS as “amerilexidophobia”). Coined by Lynne Murphy in a book called <\/span>The Prodigal Tongue<\/span><\/i> (Oneworld, 2018), it means fear, dislike, or even hatred of linguistic Americanisms.<\/span><\/p>\n

There are two targets for this dislike. First, spelling. This was the fault of the early lexicographers. Spelling wasn\u2019t always standardised. Old English spelling was consistent, but the conjunction of Anglo-Saxon and Norman French produced inconsistencies that lasted until the printing press and dictionaries gradually forced regularity, if not always rationality. Samuel Johnson, in his dictionary of 1755, used the etymologically incorrect variant \u2013our for many words that should have ended \u2013or; in some cases this has survived (colour, honour), in others not (errour, inferiour). When the American lexicographer Noah Webster published his first dictionary in 1806 he introduced some spellings of his own, partly to restore the original etymology, but also because he wanted to make American orthography distinct from English; for example, he removed the u from \u2013our (color, honor, as in Latin) and, ignoring the Latin etymology, changed \u2013re to \u2013er (center, theater).<\/span><\/p>\n

However, Webster did not institute the change to <\/span>e<\/span><\/i> in words that are spelt with <\/span>ae<\/span><\/i> (or <\/span>oe<\/span><\/i>) in English. The digraph <\/span>ae<\/span><\/i> was originally a representation of the Old English letter aesc (pronounced \u201cash\u201d); it disappeared in the 13th century, but re-emerged in the 16th century to represent the Greek \u03b1\u03b9 or the Latin ae. It persisted in Greek and Latin names and technical vocabulary, but tended to disappear in words that entered general use, for example [a]ether, pr[a]eface, and d[a]emon. However, you will still find \u201cdaemon\u201d in Philip Pullman\u2019s trilogy, <\/span>His Dark Materials<\/span><\/i>, and as a name for a program (or part of one) that runs in the background without intervention by the user. The trend of using <\/span>e<\/span><\/i> instead of <\/span>ae<\/span><\/i> happened more readily in the US, although it took some time. In Webster\u2019s <\/span>New International Dictionary<\/span><\/i> (1911), for example, \u201canaemia\u201d was the main form of the headword, with \u201canemia\u201d a secondary variant, but in the <\/span>New Third International<\/span><\/i> (1961) the reverse was the case. Likewise oedema\/edema.<\/span><\/p>\n

Now there are some whose amerilexicophobia is so intense that they think that some words with an <\/span>e<\/span><\/i> have been Americanised from <\/span>ae<\/span><\/i>, and they hypercorrect, putting the <\/span>a<\/span><\/i>, which they suppose has been dropped, back in. Sometimes they make it <\/span>oe<\/span><\/i> instead. This happens typically with words ending in \u2013penia, a suffix that dates from the late 19<\/span>th<\/span> century. <\/span><\/p>\n

The earliest example of this error that I have found is in a paper in the <\/span>British Medical Journal<\/span><\/i> in September 1904, titled \u201cDiscussion on the r\u00f4le of the lymphocyte\u201d, in which the author wrote, \u201cIf we could trace any connexion between the variations in number of the two forms [sc. lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes] there might be some excuse, but it is sufficient to show that either form may remain at the normal level during the time that the other is fluctuating widely to demonstrate their mutual independence, and at the same time the folly of calling a polynuclear leukopaenia by the term \u2018relative lymphocytosis.\u2019\u201d The j<\/span>ournal<\/span> also contains examples from 1914 and 1960 (one each) and two from 1975, but none thereafter.<\/span><\/p>\n

In papers indexed in PubMed, the earliest examples of words ending in \u2013penia or \u2013penic wrongly spelt as \u2013paenia or \u2013paenic are from the <\/span>Edinburgh Medical Journal<\/span><\/i> in 1926 (\u201cThrombopaenic purpura haemorrhagica\u201d) and <\/span>The Medical World (New York)<\/span><\/i> in 1946 (\u201cThrombocytopaenic purpura treated with vitamin E\u201d). An example from 1954 occurs in a <\/span>letter<\/span><\/a> to Nature<\/em>, titled \u201cAlkoxyglycerols in the treatment of leukopaenia caused by irradiation\u201d, by two Swedish authors. There are two examples from the 1950s and four from the 1960s. Then the habit got going in the 1970s, when the number of papers in which \u2013paenia, \u2013paenic, -poenia, or \u2013poenic were used was 0.86% of the total number of papers that included either spelling. This misuse is getting more common, and currently runs at nearly 2% (Figure 1).<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure 1. <\/b>The frequencies (% of total) with which 19 words ending in \u00a0\u2013penia or \u2013penic have been misspelt \u2013paenia or -paenic, plus some misspelt -poenia or \u2013poenic (11% of all the errors), in papers indexed in PubMed compared with papers in which they have been spelt correctly<\/span><\/p>\n

Those who make this error need to know that the suffix \u2013penia comes from a Greek word, \u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03b1, meaning poverty. It is related to the verb \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9, meaning to have to work for a living and therefore by implication poor or needy. To add in an <\/span>a<\/span><\/i> or an <\/span>o<\/span><\/i>, assuming that you are ridding the world of a vile Americanism, is an oegraegious errour.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong>\u00a0is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford’s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/p>\n

Competing interests:<\/strong>\u00a0None declared.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In my last two blogs I discussed neologisms and how to create them, citing examples from the Times Literary Supplement. I have since come across another in the same journal […]<\/p>\n

More…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":38359,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5762],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-42015","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jeff-aronsons-words"],"yoast_head":"\nJeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . Amerilexicophobia and spelling - The BMJ<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2018\/05\/04\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-amerilexidophobia-and-spelling\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . 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