{"id":41899,"date":"2018-04-20T12:03:18","date_gmt":"2018-04-20T11:03:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=41899"},"modified":"2018-04-27T10:30:32","modified_gmt":"2018-04-27T09:30:32","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-neologisms","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2018\/04\/20\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-neologisms\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . Neologisms"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-32935\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/12\/jeffrey_aronson-223x300.jpg\" alt=\"jeffrey_aronson\" width=\"117\" height=\"144\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Most words in general use have arisen through natural evolution of the language, often by changing the meanings of existing words or combining words. This is well illustrated by a sentence, contrived by the late Marghanita Laski, that would have been incomprehensible to Jane Austen, even though she would have known every word it contained: \u201cShe needed a new face, so she propped up the baby grand and reached for her compact\u201d. No new words were needed to construct that sentence, merely old ones that had accrued new meanings with time.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Other words are coined to meet particular needs at particular times. Reading articles in the 6000<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">th<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> issue of the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Times Literary Supplement<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> recently, I was struck by the number of neologisms, newly coined words or phrases, they mentioned. For example:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">hyperliberalism: an ideology that \u201caims to purge society of any trace of other views of the world\u201d; <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">whitelash: economic grievances of poor white Americans;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">misogynoir: misogyny directed specifically at women of colour;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">banthology: an anthology of stories by writers from \u201cunwanted nations\u201d, those banned from America by Donald Trump;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">himpathy: sympathy for a man who has abused women.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It may be a coincidence that all of these neologisms have been formed by adding to or corrupting existing words, respectively liberalism, backlash, misogyny, anthology, and sympathy. The last is an example of a feminist trope\u2014the punning subversion of gender specific elements; history becomes herstory or hystery, bimbo and bimbette become himbo and himbette, hero becomes hera and she-ro, manifesto becomes womanifesto, menstruate becomes femstruate, a master\u2019s degree becomes a spinster\u2019s degree.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Neologisms enter English all the time, and some of them can be attributed to identifiable individuals. Here are a few examples:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Meta-analysis<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Coined by Gene Glass in his <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1174772?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">presidential address<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the American Educational Research Association in San Francisco on 21 April 1976 to refer to analysis of analyses, the prefix \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmjebmspotlight\/2017\/11\/21\/word-evidence-2-meta-analysis\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">meta-<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201d having come to be used to indicate a concern with basic principles. \u201cThe term,\u201d Glass wrote, \u201cis a bit grand, but it is precise and apt.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nutraceutical<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Invented in 1989, from \u201cnutrition\u201d + \u201cpharmaceutical\u201d, by <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.fimdefelice.org\/p2385.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Stephen L Defelice<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, who established The Foundation for Innovation in Medicine in 1976. However, there is no internationally agreed definition of \u201cnutraceutical\u201d, and I have <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26991455\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">elsewhere<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> concluded that the term is vague, non-discriminatory, and unhelpful, and that the evidence suggests that it should be abandoned.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-41901\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2018\/04\/aronson_neologisms.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"140\" height=\"146\" \/>Scientist<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> In an article in the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Quarterly Review<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 1834, reviewing a book called On <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the Connexion of the Physical Sciences<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> by Mrs Somerville, William Whewell (pictured) referred to the \u201cwant of any name by which we can designate the students of the knowledge of the material world collectively. We are informed that this difficulty was felt very oppressively by the members of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, at their meetings \u2026 in the last three summers. \u2026 Philosophers was felt to be too wide and too lofty a term, \u2026 savans was rather assuming, [but] some ingenious gentleman proposed that, by analogy with artist, they might form scientist.\u201d The \u201cingenious gentleman\u201d was Whewell himself.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Apoptosis<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> In 1972 Kerr, Wyllie, and Currie <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2008650\/pdf\/brjcancer00355-0003.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">reported<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> a phenomenon that they described as \u201ccontrolled cell deletion\u201d, for which they proposed the name \u201capoptosis\u201d, as they explained:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cThe word \u201capoptosis\u201d (\u1f01\u03c0\u1f79\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c3) is used in Greek to describe the \u201cdropping off\u201d or \u201cfalling off\u201d of petals from flowers, or leaves from trees. To show the derivation clearly, we propose that the stress should be on the penultimate syllable, the second half of the word being pronounced like \u201cptosis\u201d (with the \u201cp\u201d silent), which comes from the same root \u201cto fall\u201d and is already used to describe drooping of the upper eyelid.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As I have explained <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2017\/01\/13\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-apoptosis\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">in a previous blog<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, this footnoted statement contains two spelling errors and an incorrect assumption about pronunciation. Neologising is not always simple.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong>\u00a0is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford&#8217;s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Competing interests:<\/strong>\u00a0None declared.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Most words in general use have arisen through natural evolution of the language, often by changing the meanings of existing words or combining words. This is well illustrated by a [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2018\/04\/20\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-neologisms\/\">More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":38359,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5762],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-41899","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jeff-aronsons-words"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . 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