{"id":41143,"date":"2018-01-19T15:20:47","date_gmt":"2018-01-19T14:20:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=41143"},"modified":"2018-01-26T16:40:40","modified_gmt":"2018-01-26T15:40:40","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-being-one-two-or-many","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2018\/01\/19\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-being-one-two-or-many\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I Use a Word . . . Being one, two, or many"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"jeffrey_aronson\"<\/a>As I noted <\/span>last week<\/span><\/a>, animals are monophyodonts, diphyodonts, or polyphyodonts. Rodents and some cetaceans, for example, are monophyodonts\u2014their teeth grow continuously and are never replaced. Humans, and most other mammals, are diphyodonts\u2014they normally have two sets of teeth (dentitions), although the numbers of teeth in each dentition are different, so that the 20 deciduous or milk teeth and their replacements can be thought of as diphyodontal (Figure 1) and the other 12 as monophyodontal. Kangaroos, elephants, and manatees, unique among mammals, and some non-mammalians species, typically fishes and reptiles, are polyphyodonts, animals whose teeth are repeatedly replaced during their lives.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"The prefixes in these words are all Greek. \u201cMono\u201d is from \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, alone, solitary, or unique; \u201cdi\u201d is from \u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c2, twofold or double; and \u201cpoly\u201d is from \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c2, one of whose many meanings is \u201cmany\u201d, or in this case \u201cmore than two\u201d. This is reminiscent of counting systems that go \u201c<\/span>one, two, many<\/span><\/a>\u201d, like those of the Australian Walpiri, or the Gumulgal from the Torres Strait, or the Pirah\u00e3 of the Amazon, or like the rabbits in Richard Adams\u2019s novel\u00a0<\/span>Watership Down<\/span><\/i>, who can only count up to four, above which everything else is \u201chrair\u201d, a lot.<\/span><\/p>\n

The suffix -odont comes from the Greek word \u1f40\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2, a tooth, its root (the pun is inescapable) being \u1f40\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4-, as in the dental terms odontology, orthodontics, and periodontal. The odontoid process is the tooth-like peg at the top of the axis, the second cervical vertebra, which articulates with the arch of the first vertebra, the atlas, above it, helping it to hold up the skull, like the mythical Greek giant Atlas, holding up the heavens (Figure 2).<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

The infix, or filling in these dental words, -phy-, denotes being. The IndoEuropean root BHEU meant to be, to grow, or to exist, and, if to exist in a place, to dwell. Through Germanic forms this gave us \u201cbe\u201d. A husband was one who dwelt in a house (hus) and a bauhaus, a bothy, and a booth are all forms of dwelling places, things you build, with neighbours who live nearby. A Boer lives on the land and farms it, keeping his cattle in a byre.<\/span><\/p>\n

In Latin the BH in BHEU became <\/span>b<\/span><\/i> or <\/span>f<\/span><\/i>. In regular Latin verbs the future tense was marked by the suffix -bo (amo, I love, amabo, I shall love). Superbus meant being superior and dubius meant being in two minds (duo = two). The paradigm of the verb to be in Latin had only three forms, as opposed to the usual four: sum (present tense, I am), esse (infinitive, to be), and fui (perfect tense, I have been). \u201cFiat lux\u201d means \u201clet there be light\u201d, and a fiat was originally a statement that something might be [allowed]. Futurus meant that which will be, the future. The verb futuere expressed the ultimate sensation of being. As Martial put it in his epigram 34, telling Lesbia to keep her door closed, \u201cdeprendi veto te, Lesbia, non futui\u201d\u2014\u201cdon\u2019t get caught out being fucked\u201d. However, \u201cfuck\u201d and \u201cfutuere\u201d are not etymologically linked. <\/span><\/p>\n

In Greek the BH in BHEU became <\/span>\u03c6<\/span><\/i>. Greek derivatives include \u03c6\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, to bring forth or beget; \u03c6\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u1f77\u03b1, growth or a plantation; and \u03c6\u03cd\u03c2 or \u1f40\u03c3\u03c6\u03cd\u03c2, the loins. Andronicus of Rhodes edited Aristotle\u2019s manuscripts that dealt with natural science under the title <\/span>The Physics<\/span><\/i> (\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac). The next set of papers he called <\/span>The Metaphysics<\/span><\/i> (\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac), simply because they came after (<\/span>\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70<\/span><\/a>) <\/span>The Physics<\/span><\/i>. Then, because <\/span>The Metaphysics<\/span><\/i> dealt with what Aristotle called \u201cprimary philosophy\u201d, or ontology, metaphysics came to be misunderstood as \u201cthe science of that which transcends the physical\u201d. The Greek word \u03c6\u1fe0\u03c3\u03cc\u03c2 meant origin, nature, or anything that arose through growth\u2014form, constitution, temperament; apophysis, diaphysis, and epiphysis are parts of growing bones. The derived adjective \u03c6\u1fe0\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 meant produced or caused by nature, inborn, or native. A physician originally studied natural science, physiology is the study of natural function, physique is one\u2019s natural shape, and physiognomy one\u2019s natural face. From \u03d5\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd, a plant, we get epiphyte, saprophyte, zoophyte, and phytotherapy, all related to plants, and neophyte, a metaphorical reference. From \u1f14\u03bc\u03d5\u1fe0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, implanted, we get imp, originally something that is grafted, hence a young shoot, and hence a young child, often mischievous or devilish. From \u03d5\u1fe6\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd, a race, tribe, or class, we get phylum, phylogeny, and the symphyses pubis and mandibulae.<\/span><\/p>\n

So monophy-, diphy-, and polyphy- in our toothsome words come from \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03d5\u03c5\u03ae\u03c2<\/span>,<\/span><\/i> singularity, \u03b4\u03b9\u03d5\u03c5\u03ae\u03c2, duality, and \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03d5\u03c5\u03ae\u03c2, multiplexity.\u00a0Being one, two, or many.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong>\u00a0is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford’s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/p>\n

Competing interests:<\/strong>\u00a0None declared.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

As I noted last week, animals are monophyodonts, diphyodonts, or polyphyodonts. Rodents and some cetaceans, for example, are monophyodonts\u2014their teeth grow continuously and are never replaced. Humans, and most other […]<\/p>\n

More…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":38359,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5762],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-41143","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jeff-aronsons-words"],"yoast_head":"\nJeffrey Aronson: When I Use a Word . . . Being one, two, or many - The BMJ<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2018\/01\/19\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-being-one-two-or-many\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Jeffrey Aronson: When I Use a Word . . . 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