{"id":40982,"date":"2018-01-02T13:35:24","date_gmt":"2018-01-02T12:35:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=40982"},"modified":"2018-01-10T10:43:08","modified_gmt":"2018-01-10T09:43:08","slug":"william-cayley-hypertension-and-inverse-care","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2018\/01\/02\/william-cayley-hypertension-and-inverse-care\/","title":{"rendered":"William Cayley: Hypertension and inverse care"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"standfirst\">We need to find ways to care for all of those at risk, not just those who have the ability to seek care<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/07\/bill_cayley_2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-31912\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2014\/07\/bill_cayley_2-243x300.jpg\" alt=\"bill_cayley_2\" width=\"134\" height=\"151\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">After the release of the <a href=\"http:\/\/hyper.ahajournals.org\/content\/early\/2017\/11\/10\/HYP.0000000000000065\">American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association (ACC\/AHA) hypertension guideline<\/a>,\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">there has been much discussion in the lay and medical literature about the lower thresholds being recommended for the diagnosis of hypertension. Indeed, my own specialty society (the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aafp.org\/home.html\">American Academy of Family Physicians<\/a>)\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">announced recently <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aafp.org\/news\/health-of-the-public\/20171212notendorseaha-accgdlne.html\">that they are not endorsing the new guideline<\/a> because, in part, \u201cthe bulk of the guideline wasn&#8217;t based on a systematic evidence review.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The fact that the new guideline \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.aafp.org\/news\/health-of-the-public\/20171212notendorseaha-accgdlne.html\">would lead to 46% of the US adult population being categorised as having hypertension<\/a>\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0is quite significant. It is one thing to argue that people with lower blood pressure live longer and have better cardiovascular health; it is an entirely different thing to demonstrate that lowering blood pressure to lower levels vs higher levels leads to improved outcomes. Indeed, <a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/14651858.CD011575.pub2\/abstract;jsessionid=4847890B5911C5C70575AE3074335074.f01t02\">a very recent Cochrane review<\/a> <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">investigated this question, and found that there is inadequate evidence to identify whether a lower vs higher blood pressure target is better for older adults with high blood pressure. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">While wading through the recent blood pressure controversy to arrive at my own thoughts on the ACC\/AHA guideline, my attention was drawn to a posting <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hifa.org\">from HIFA<\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0regarding recent findings from the World Health Organization and World Bank that \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/pubdocs.worldbank.org\/en\/193371513169798347\/2017-global-monitoring-report.pdf\">more than 1 billion people live with uncontrolled hypertension<\/a>.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The concept of the \u201cinverse care law\u201d has been <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S014067367192410X?via%3Dihub)\">discussed for over 40 years<\/a>\u2014specifically, the problem that the \u201cavailability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need for it in the population served.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">When confronting the challenges of dealing with hypertension as a global health problem, we need to be clear on our goals, our desired outcomes, and our evidence. If our goal is to care well for all of those at risk of cardiovascular disease, then we need to carefully assess the full extent of the population at risk, and we need to thoughtfully consider what we do and do not know about what makes a difference.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The arguments presented in the ACC\/AHA guideline certainly seem plausible\u2014that lower blood pressure is better\u2014and it <em>may<\/em> be that working harder and harder to treat those who receive care to attain lower blood pressure may make a difference. Yet according to the Cochrane review, we do not have an unequivocal answer to that.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, we do know that there are many people worldwide who are at risk from their untreated high blood pressure, and they have no ready access to <em>any<\/em> care\u2014thus, they will never stand to benefit to any degree from the level of control proposed in the recent guidelines. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The problems of overdiagnosis and global population health are intricately related. We need to develop solid evidence as to what does and does not work for those at risk, and we need to find ways to care for <em>all <\/em>of those at risk, not just those who have the ability to seek care.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>William E Cayley Jr<\/strong> is<em id=\"m_-1870497061575748107yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1508168704410_33180\"> a clinical professor at the University of Wisconsin, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health. <\/em><br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Competing interests:<\/strong>\u00a0I declare that I have read and understood BMJ policy on declaration of interests and I have no relevant interests to declare.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>We need to find ways to care for all of those at risk, not just those who have the ability to seek care [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2018\/01\/02\/william-cayley-hypertension-and-inverse-care\/\">More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":40985,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1357],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-40982","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-us-health-care"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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