{"id":40754,"date":"2017-12-01T12:37:58","date_gmt":"2017-12-01T11:37:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=40754"},"modified":"2017-12-08T11:52:37","modified_gmt":"2017-12-08T10:52:37","slug":"jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-paramedics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2017\/12\/01\/jeffrey-aronson-when-i-use-a-word-paramedics\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Aronson: When I use a word . . . Paramedics"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"jeffrey_aronson\"<\/a>To begin with, flex your mental muscles. To flex (Latin flectere) means to bend; a flex is easily bent. Reflection is bending back, of objects, light (as in the retinal reflex), and, metaphorically, thoughts. Retroflected means bent backwards, as a uterus may be, and a retroflex sound is one that\u2019s articulated with the tongue curled up and backwards. Inflection is bending in or modulation, and in grammar it refers to the ways in which languages change the endings of words to meet different needs, including conjugation of verbs (varying mood, tense, person, and number) and declension of nouns, adjectives, and pronouns (varying number and gender).<\/span><\/p>\n

Languages such as Latin, Greek, and Hebrew are highly inflected; others, such as English, French, and German are less so. Thus, different forms of Latin nouns confer nuances of meaning. Take, for example, \u201cmedicus\u201d, a doctor. \u201cMedicus\u201d is the basic noun, in the nominative case, or the subjective case, as it\u2019s called in English grammar; \u201cmedice\u201d is the vocative (O doctor); \u201cmedicum\u201d is the accusative (i.e. objective) case; \u201cmedici\u201d is the genitive (possessive, of a doctor), and \u201cmedico\u201d is both the dative (to or for a doctor), and the ablative (by, with, or from a doctor); the respective plural forms are medici, medici, medicos, medicorum, medicis, medicis.<\/span><\/p>\n

One consequence of this is that word order does not matter. In English \u201cGaius loves Lesbia\u201d is not the same as \u201cLesbia loves Gaius\u201d, as <\/span>Catullus<\/span><\/a> well knew (picture). But in Latin the order need not change\u2014inflection does the job: \u201cGaius Lesbiam amat\u201d and \u201cGaium Lesbia amat\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\n\u201cLesbia and her Sparrow\u201d (1907) by Sir Edward John Poynter, inspired by a Latin style hendecasyllabic poem<\/a> of Catullus<\/p>\n

Catulli Carmen 2:
\n            Passer deliciae meae puellae
\n            quocum ludere quem in sinu tenere
\n            cui primum digitum dare adpetenti
\n            et acres solet incitare morsus
\n            cum desiderio meo nitenti
\n            carum nescioquid libet iocari
\n            et solaciolum sui doloris
\n            credo ut tum gravis acquiescat ardor
\n            tecum ludere sicut ipsa possem
\n            et tristes animi levare curas
\nHere is my free hendecasyllabic translation:
\n            Pretty Sparrow, my paramour\u2019s pet plaything,
\n            with whom she toys, holding you to her bosom,
\n            offering one of her fingers to your beak,
\n            provoking you to give her needle-like bites,
\n            while crying her heart out, because missing me,
\n            and making some private joke, so I believe,
\n            to ease her anguish, quenching the fire of love.
\n            If I could only play with you, as she does,
\n            It would alleviate all my heart\u2019s woes too<\/p>\n

Another consequence of inflection is that prepositions become highly versatile, changing meaning when they precede different cases. Take the Greek word \u03c0\u1fb0\u03c1\u03ac, which gives the English prefix \u201cpara-\u201d. With the accusative case \u03c0\u1fb0\u03c1\u03ac means beside, near, by, alongside, past, or beyond; with the genitive it implies motion in relation to a person or place; and with the dative it implies rest by the side of a person or thing. Unlike Latin, Greek has no ablative.<\/p>\n

As an example, consider \u201cparamedical\u201d, in which the prefix \u201cpara-\u201d implies \u201calongside\u201d. The earliest instance I have found is in an issue of The <\/em><\/span>British Medical Journal<\/span><\/i> (21 January 1911), in an article on scientific journals, titled \u201c<\/span>Literary Notes<\/span><\/a>\u201d. It began with a description of <\/span>Biologica<\/span><\/i>, subtitled <\/span>Revue Scientifique de M\u00e9decin<\/span><\/i>, \u201ca new monthly periodical devoted to general biology, natural science, anthropology, psychology, hygiene, sociology, comparative pathology, and applied science, . . . the \u2018paramedical\u2019 sciences\u201d. The inverted commas around the word \u201cparamedical\u201d in the original suggest that it was a very new term; this instance certainly antedates the earliest citation currently in the <\/span>Oxford English Dictionary<\/span><\/i>, which is from <\/span>The Lancet<\/span><\/i> (15 October 1921), in an article titled \u201c<\/span>Para-medical Research<\/span><\/a>\u201d, referring to \u201cthe fringe of several medical problems\u201d, including scientific instruments, food investigation, and oxygen research.<\/span><\/p>\n

Today\u2019s online version of the <\/span>OED<\/span><\/i> defines the adjective \u201cparamedical\u201d as \u201cassociated with or related to medicine or the medical profession; spec. designating or relating to fields considered to be allied or auxiliary to medicine, such as physiotherapy, social work, etc.; designating or relating to workers in such fields . . . also . . .\u00a0 emergency medical personnel.\u201d The word was first included in Burchfield\u2019s supplementary volume O\u2013Scz (1982), with a much shorter definition.<\/span><\/p>\n

A 1952 citation in the <\/span>OED<\/span><\/i> describes marriage guidance, premarital examinations, eugenic prognosis, birth control, and treatment of infecundity as \u201cpara-medical services\u201d. In the 1960s the adjective became a noun\u2014a paramedical, and just as doctors are medics, so paramedicals became paramedics. In the 1970s, reversing the process, the noun paramedic became an adjective. For example, in <\/span>Time<\/span><\/i> magazine on 9 November 1970 paramedic studies were described as \u201cwide-ranging\u2014from community health to bacteriology and psychosomatic medicine.\u201d By the 1970s \u201cnurses and technicians\u201d were being described as paramedics and by the 1980s so was anyone not medically qualified who might be involved in medical care, such as social workers, teachers, psychotherapists, and clergy; by the 1990s those involved in emergency care were also included. Today paramedics are autonomous clinicians registered with the <\/span>Health and Care Professions Council<\/span><\/a>, as established by <\/span>The Health Professions Order<\/span><\/a> (2001).<\/span><\/p>\n

Incidentally, because members of the Parachute Regiment are called \u201cparas\u201d, or originally \u201cparaboys\u201d, the noun \u201cparamedic\u201d has also been used since the 1960s to mean a medic who parachutes in to give medical aid. So are there paraparamedics\u2014parachuting paramedics?<\/span><\/p>\n

Jeffrey Aronson<\/strong>\u00a0is a clinical pharmacologist, working in the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford’s Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. He is also president emeritus of the British Pharmacological Society.<\/em><\/p>\n

Competing interests:<\/strong>\u00a0None declared.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

To begin with, flex your mental muscles. To flex (Latin flectere) means to bend; a flex is easily bent. Reflection is bending back, of objects, light (as in the retinal […]<\/p>\n

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