{"id":39949,"date":"2017-08-29T17:04:13","date_gmt":"2017-08-29T16:04:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=39949"},"modified":"2017-09-06T10:50:06","modified_gmt":"2017-09-06T09:50:06","slug":"us-confederates-and-canadian-colonialists-aboriginal-people-imprisoned-by-the-past","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2017\/08\/29\/us-confederates-and-canadian-colonialists-aboriginal-people-imprisoned-by-the-past\/","title":{"rendered":"Chris Simms: Confederates and Canadian colonialists\u2014imprisoned by the past"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Chris_sims\"<\/a>It may be easier to topple monuments and memorials than erase the memories they evoke or the policies that sustain them.<\/p>\n

Canada\u2019s experience is not the Confederates\u2019 in Charlottesville, yet it\u2019s also in the process<\/a> of renaming buildings and removing monuments across the country that evoke its colonial past and the abrogation of Aboriginal people’s human rights. Mainly at issue are Canadian government policies that established the Indian Reserves and abusive residential school systems. Among the statues and memorials targeted for dismantlement or renaming are those that memorialise the architects of the school system, a governor that issued a bounty for the scalps of Aboriginal people, a so called \u201changing judge,\u201d and others that wantonly and egregiously altered the life course of the country\u2019s first peoples.<\/p>\n

From a clinical and public health point of view, these two events ought to resonate since the most striking feature of these policies (which paradoxically marginalised and tried to assimilate people at the same time) is that their health effects (physical, emotional, behavioural) are now seen to be (1) intergenerational<\/a>, (2) cumulative, and (3) becoming progressively worse<\/a> in relative and absolute terms.<\/p>\n

Recent research<\/a> in the BMJ Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health<\/em>, for example, shows that familial attendance at a residential school directly affects \u201chealth and mental health outcomes, and is associated with lower self-perceived health and mental health, and a higher risk for distress and suicidal behaviours.\u201d A scoping review<\/a> published this year of 61 studies details the impact of residential schools on health and wellbeing, including increased rates of chronic and infectious disease, and increased risk of anxiety, depression, and addictive and suicidal behaviour.<\/p>\n

Common demographic indicators also suggest growing disparities. A population based study<\/a> shows a rise in infant mortality among Aboriginal people between 1996 and 2010, but \u201cmore worrisomely, the widening disparities in infant mortality comparing Inuit vs. non-Aboriginal infants, and in postneonatal mortality comparing First Nations or Inuit vs. non-Aboriginal infants suggest worsening infant health inequalities over the recent decade.\u201d A report on the health of people in Alberta found that the life expectancy<\/a> of First Nations people is 12 years lower than the general population; although little trend data are available, life expectancy for First Nations people in Alberta is the worst it has been in five years.<\/p>\n

A recent study<\/a> (2017) shows that among off-reserve Aboriginal Canadians, relative (absolute) income related inequalities in health increased by 23% from 2001 to 2012. In terms of access to healthcare, the Wellesley Institute concluded that racism<\/a> against Aboriginal people is key to explaining their poor health and wellbeing; a 2014\u00a0report from the United Nations (UN)<\/a> concurs. It concludes that the quality of Canada\u2019s relationship with its Indigenous peoples has deteriorated and that \u201chuman rights problems faced by Indigenous peoples in Canada . . . have reached crisis proportions in many respects.\u201d<\/p>\n

All of this ought to trigger an immediate policy response. Instead Canadians have witnessed just the opposite (at least until recently)\u2014with cuts to social programming specifically aimed<\/a> at Indigenous Canadians by the Conservative government (2006-2015) and a \u201claw and order\u201d agenda that also looks like it was aimed at Aboriginal people.<\/p>\n

As in the United States, Canada\u2019s \u201ctough on crime\u201d stance (penal populism) often seemed to target racial minorities.\u00a0Observers<\/a>\u00a0have commented that \u201cCanada\u2019s justice system is set against Indigenous people\u201d and that its prisons \u201care the new residential schools.\u201d\u00a0Data<\/a> from the Office of the Correctional Investigator (OCI) show that between 2005 and 2015, the number of Indigenous Canadians in prison increased by 50% compared to an overall offender growth rate of 10%, and that Aboriginal people form 25% of the total inmate population despite only making up 4.3% of the Canadian population. Between 2001-02 and 2011-12 the number of\u00a0Aboriginal women<\/a>\u00a0in prison grew by 109% and account for 33% of the female federal population (in provincial<\/a> institutions this figure rises to 41%).<\/p>\n

A recent case that captures the inappropriateness of a \u201ctough on crime\u201d approach when a mental health intervention is warranted relates to a 29 year man<\/a> from Yellowknife, who discharged a firearm in attempting suicide while intoxicated. Based on the previous government\u2019s \u201cmandatory minimum sentence\u201d laws, the Crown is pressing for a four year sentence while defence lawyers claim four years is disproportionate and a \u201ccruel and unusual punishment\u201d\u2014unlawful under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.<\/p>\n

Yet there is more evidence to suggest that corrections facilities in Canada often represent places of \u201ccruel and unusual punishment\u201d\u2014especially for Aboriginal people. An OCI report<\/a> (2015) showed that 55.9% of the Aboriginal inmate population had spent time in solitary confinement. Suicide attempts and self-harm<\/a> in prison have tripled over the past decade; in 2016-17 Aboriginal inmates accounted for 61.7%* of self-inflicted injuries. Many<\/a> self-harm incidents are taking place in solitary confinement.<\/p>\n

Indeed, cases of solitary confinement leading to the suicides of Aboriginal people have dominated the media<\/a> over the past year\u2014with the UN<\/a>\u00a0pointing out that solitary confinement is torture not punishment.<\/p>\n

Canada does not have 1500 Confederate statues and memorials or political leadership that would defend their presence. Yet it does have a persistently bleak relationship with Aboriginal people\u2014and a growing body of research showing the nature and extent of related health issues as they evolve. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau seems to acknowledge the challenge and has sought to reverse unjust law and order<\/a>\u00a0legislation, curtail or eliminate solitary confinement, and deal with the health and mental health of Aboriginal people in and out of their communities. Yet although his current investments in the social determinants of health are encouraging, they are but a fraction of what is needed.<\/p>\n

As for most black Americans, statues and memorials would not matter quite so much to Aboriginal people and their advocates if there were fewer inequalities, yet the outsized statues seem to loom larger as more detail is learnt of past injustices and their ongoing repercussions.<\/p>\n

*Obtained as data from the OCI pursuant to information request.<\/p>\n

Dr Chris Simms<\/strong>\u00a0teaches at Dalhousie University, School of Health Administration, Halifax, Canada; he spent many years living and working in Africa\u2019s health sector.<\/em><\/p>\n

Competing interests:<\/strong>\u00a0None declared.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

It may be easier to topple monuments and memorials than erase the memories they evoke or the policies that sustain them. Canada\u2019s experience is not the Confederates\u2019 in Charlottesville, yet […]<\/p>\n

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