{"id":39835,"date":"2017-08-10T09:36:27","date_gmt":"2017-08-10T08:36:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=39835"},"modified":"2017-08-22T16:49:15","modified_gmt":"2017-08-22T15:49:15","slug":"claire-mcdaniel-and-daniel-marchalik-the-future-of-genetics-how-far-is-too-far","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2017\/08\/10\/claire-mcdaniel-and-daniel-marchalik-the-future-of-genetics-how-far-is-too-far\/","title":{"rendered":"Claire McDaniel and Daniel Marchalik: The future of genetics\u2014how far is too far?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>The Doctor\u2019s Book Club<\/a><\/u><\/strong>
\nSiddhartha Mukherjee\u2014The Gene<\/em><\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

All is now secure and fast;\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Not the gods can shake the Past;\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Flies-to the adamantine door\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Bolted down forevermore.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Ralph Waldo Emerson The Past<\/em><\/p>\n

The US Food and Drug Administration recently recommended the approval of a gene altering treatment<\/a> for leukemia, which could be the first gene therapy available in the US. The therapy involves rewriting the genetic code of patients\u2019 white blood cells to make them attack their own cancer. Yet although it may sound like science fiction, this advance has been millennia in the making, and is simply the latest step in humanity\u2019s long quest to unlock the essence of life\u2014the gene.<\/p>\n

Siddhartha Mukherjee\u2019s latest work, The Gene: An Intimate History<\/em>, explores this journey in detail. By tracing the \u201cnormalcy before it tips into malignancy,\u201d The Gene<\/em> functions as a prequel to his Pulitzer-winning debut The Emperor of All Maladies<\/em>: A Biography of Cancer<\/em>. From the ancient Greek scientists to today\u2019s high-tech university labs, Mukherjee traces the long history of genetics and our understanding of evolution.\u00a0 Cells, proteins, nucleic acids, and atoms are all characters in Mukherjee\u2019s work, as are Darwin, Watson and Crick, and Bill Clinton.<\/p>\n

H G Wells referred to genetics as \u201cthe missing science\u201d\u2014humanity has always been instinctively aware of the idea of heredity, if only for its most practical uses. Humans have long bred dogs for their particular traits, selected the best plants for yield, or even chosen mates for their most desirable attributes, keenly aware of the likelihood of those traits being passed on to the next generation. The concept of units of heredity that would go on to generate a vast scientific field has, therefore, been an intuitive idea that lacked a definition. This book captures the progression from that intuitive sense of genetics to its birth as a veritable science and, for better or for worse, its evolution into a powerful tool.<\/p>\n

While genetics held promise of providing \u201cpower on an enormous scale,\u201d its implementation has not always been used to promote good. To demonstrate this, The Gene<\/em> contrasts the ingenuity of Mendel\u2019s pea plant experiments with the horrors of eugenics in Nazi Germany and in the United States. In other words, the story of the gene is emblematic of both the highest pinnacles and most perverse failings of scientific progress.<\/p>\n

At the same time, the gene\u2014crucial to evolution and all life\u2014has morphed into \u201cone of the most dangerous ideas in history.\u201d Genetic arguments were the backbone for Richard Herrnstein\u2019s The Bell Curve, <\/em>which argues that Asian and white people have an intellectual genetic advantage over people of African descent, and for the forced sterilization of thousands of people in the United States during the 20th<\/sup> century in the name of eugenics.<\/p>\n

But the gene also holds the power to bring us closer together. The widespread use of in-home genetic testing kits has given the world a wealth of information. It is now known that 30% of white Britons<\/a> can trace their DNA to German ancestry, that 40% of their DNA is shared with the French, and that they share common ancestry with those living in Africa and the Greek Isles. We have more in common than we think.<\/p>\n

The book ends not with a conclusion, but with a feeling of anticipation. The possibilities of where genetics may lead us in the near future are both exhilarating and terrifying. In many ways, The Gene <\/em>is a call for caution and for a thoughtful consideration of the possibilities that progress may bring. \u00a0Mukherjee urges us to pay attention to our history in order to remain cognizant of the complicated nature of scientific innovation, especially in fields that have the ability to redefine our identity.<\/p>\n

We are now entering the next phase in the story of the gene. In 2016, the UK became the first country to legally permit<\/a> genetic modification of human embryos and the first to allow for the replacement of parts of embryonic genomes with a third person\u2019s DNA.\u00a0 Then, last month, scientists in the US reported that they had successfully corrected a cardiac disease mutation<\/a>\u00a0in human embryos using a gene editing technique called CRISPR-Cas9.<\/p>\n

But despite the promising results, the pioneers of the CRISPR editing technology are urging caution. When genes become tools, what will those tools be used for? As we try to answer that question, Mukherjee\u2019s book asks us to carefully look back before we continue to move forward.<\/p>\n

Next Month:<\/strong>
\nWe will discuss Tracy Kidder\u2019s A Truck Full of Money<\/em><\/p>\n

Questions to Consider:<\/u><\/p>\n

-What does the story suggest about the complex relationships between people and their psychiatric disorders?<\/p>\n

-Does the text ask us to reconsider the conventional understanding of mental illness as debilitating?<\/p>\n

More articles in this series<\/a><\/p>\n

\"claire_McDaniel\"<\/a>Claire McDaniel<\/strong> is a third year medical student at Georgetown University School of Medicine in Washington, DC, participating in the school\u2019s Literature and Medicine Track. Additionally, she is an MBA candidate at Georgetown University McDonough School of Business.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"daniel_marchalik3\"Daniel Marchalik<\/strong> is a urologist at MedStar Washington Hospital Center in Washington, DC. He directs the Literature and Medicine Track<\/a> at the Georgetown University School of Medicine and writes a monthly column for the\u00a0<\/em>Lancet<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

Competing interests:<\/strong>\u00a0None declared.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The Doctor\u2019s Book Club Siddhartha Mukherjee\u2014The Gene All is now secure and fast;\u00a0 Not the gods can shake the Past;\u00a0 Flies-to the adamantine door\u00a0 Bolted down forevermore.\u00a0 Ralph Waldo Emerson […]<\/p>\n

More…<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":39839,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[765],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-39835","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-literature-and-medicine"],"yoast_head":"\nClaire McDaniel and Daniel Marchalik: The future of genetics\u2014how far is too far? - The BMJ<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2017\/08\/10\/claire-mcdaniel-and-daniel-marchalik-the-future-of-genetics-how-far-is-too-far\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Claire McDaniel and Daniel Marchalik: The future of genetics\u2014how far is too far? - The BMJ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The Doctor\u2019s Book Club Siddhartha Mukherjee\u2014The Gene All is now secure and fast;\u00a0 Not the gods can shake the Past;\u00a0 Flies-to the adamantine door\u00a0 Bolted down forevermore.\u00a0 Ralph Waldo Emerson [...]More...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2017\/08\/10\/claire-mcdaniel-and-daniel-marchalik-the-future-of-genetics-how-far-is-too-far\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"The BMJ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/bmjdotcom\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2017-08-10T08:36:27+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2017-08-22T15:49:15+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2017\/08\/gentics.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"540\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"350\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"BMJ\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@bmj_latest\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@bmj_latest\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"BMJ\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bmj\\\/2017\\\/08\\\/10\\\/claire-mcdaniel-and-daniel-marchalik-the-future-of-genetics-how-far-is-too-far\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bmj\\\/2017\\\/08\\\/10\\\/claire-mcdaniel-and-daniel-marchalik-the-future-of-genetics-how-far-is-too-far\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"BMJ\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bmj\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/ba3da426ed20e8f1d933ca367d8216fe\"},\"headline\":\"Claire McDaniel and Daniel Marchalik: The future of genetics\u2014how far is too far?\",\"datePublished\":\"2017-08-10T08:36:27+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2017-08-22T15:49:15+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bmj\\\/2017\\\/08\\\/10\\\/claire-mcdaniel-and-daniel-marchalik-the-future-of-genetics-how-far-is-too-far\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":897,\"commentCount\":1,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bmj\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bmj\\\/2017\\\/08\\\/10\\\/claire-mcdaniel-and-daniel-marchalik-the-future-of-genetics-how-far-is-too-far\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bmj\\\/files\\\/2017\\\/08\\\/gentics.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Literature and medicine\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bmj\\\/2017\\\/08\\\/10\\\/claire-mcdaniel-and-daniel-marchalik-the-future-of-genetics-how-far-is-too-far\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bmj\\\/2017\\\/08\\\/10\\\/claire-mcdaniel-and-daniel-marchalik-the-future-of-genetics-how-far-is-too-far\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/blogs.bmj.com\\\/bmj\\\/2017\\\/08\\\/10\\\/claire-mcdaniel-and-daniel-marchalik-the-future-of-genetics-how-far-is-too-far\\\/\",\"name\":\"Claire McDaniel and Daniel Marchalik: The future of genetics\u2014how far is too far? 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