{"id":39454,"date":"2017-06-22T09:24:39","date_gmt":"2017-06-22T08:24:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/?p=39454"},"modified":"2017-06-22T09:24:54","modified_gmt":"2017-06-22T08:24:54","slug":"neville-goodmans-metaphor-watch-i-want-a-negative-effect-on-impact","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2017\/06\/22\/neville-goodmans-metaphor-watch-i-want-a-negative-effect-on-impact\/","title":{"rendered":"Neville Goodman&#8217;s metaphor watch: I want a negative effect on impact"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/02\/neville_goodman.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-33270\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/files\/2015\/02\/neville_goodman-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"neville_goodman\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/a><em>Impact<\/em> is not an old word, unlike its close relative <em>effect<\/em>. The <em>OED<\/em> credits Chaucer with the first use of <em>effect<\/em>, at the end of the 14<sup>th<\/sup> century. <em>Impact<\/em> is four centuries later, and is a particular type of effect: a physical one. The first uses of <em>impact<\/em> were in the field of dynamics, in relation to momentum, and it came from the verb <em>impact<\/em>, which is much older. But after only 30 years as a noun, <em>impact<\/em> became just another word for <em>effect<\/em>. And in the last 30 years, both in general English and in medical English, <em>impact<\/em> has been gradually replacing <em>effect<\/em> (and <em>impact on<\/em> is replacing <em>affect<\/em>). As <em>impact<\/em> has a special meaning in dentistry and engineering relating to its literal meaning, its metaphorical meaning as just <em>effect<\/em> (the <em>OED<\/em> notes \u201c<em>fig<\/em>.\u201d) may cause a bit of confusion in those areas, but otherwise I suppose that\u2014much though I dislike it\u2014it makes little real difference that <em>impact<\/em> has usurped <em>effect<\/em> in \u201cthe impact of social network characteristics\u201d or \u201cto reduce the impact of these missing values\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Where the originally metaphorical <em>impact<\/em> has no place is in the awful phrase &#8220;have a negative impact.&#8221; It was almost unknown in English before 1960, but has become steadily more common since 1970. <em>Positive impact<\/em> has followed the same trajectory but is less common. Medical English mirrors this. In 2015, 0.2% of all PubMed\u00ae articles contained <em>negative impact<\/em>; 0.1% contained <em>positive impact<\/em>. The phrases are unknown in PubMed before 1973, when it first appeared as &#8220;could have a negative impact on fertility.&#8221; This means <em>could reduce fertility<\/em> but is four words longer, none of those words adding anything.<\/p>\n<p>Overall,<em> effect<\/em> is nearly four times more common than <em>impact<\/em> in PubMed, but this hides that in 1975 there were four effects to each impact whereas in 2016 there were only two. Oddly, though, this pattern is not followed for &#8220;negative effect&#8221; and &#8220;positive effect&#8221;, which, like their impact analogues, were almost unknown before 1970 and have more or less paralleled their rise. For what reason has <em>decrease<\/em> been replaced by <em>have a negative impact<\/em> (or <em>effect<\/em>) and <em>increase<\/em> by <em>have a positive impact<\/em>? Is there anyone who thinks these changes are for the better?<\/p>\n<p>I\u2019ve wandered from my metaphorical remit but, as my underlying aim is to make journals easier to read, I make no apology. Surely, <em>make it easier to select <\/em>is better than &#8220;<em>should have a positive impact on the selection of<\/em> proper antiviral medication for patients&#8221;? Would anyone say, &#8220;TENS appeared to have a positive effect on cognition&#8221; instead of &#8220;<em>TENS appeared to improve cognition&#8221;<\/em>? How easy is it to work out that &#8220;a strong negative effect on the growth recovery&#8221; means <em>growth recovered far less well<\/em>? Overactive bladder syndrome is a nuisance, but how many patients would agree that it &#8220;has <em>a negative impact on <\/em>quality of life&#8221; rather than <em>reducing<\/em> quality of life? Except that the patients are more likely to say that it <em>makes life less worth living<\/em>, a phrase that encapsulates the misery of incontinence far better than <em>having a negative impact on the quality of life<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Neville Goodman<\/strong> is a retired consultant anaesthetist and a writer. He is co-author of a book on medical English.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Competing interests:<\/strong> I have read and understood BMJ policy on declaration of interests and declare that my only competing interest is my co-authorship of a book about medical English.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Impact is not an old word, unlike its close relative effect. The OED credits Chaucer with the first use of effect, at the end of the 14th century. Impact is [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2017\/06\/22\/neville-goodmans-metaphor-watch-i-want-a-negative-effect-on-impact\/\">More&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5763],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-39454","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-metaphor-watch"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Neville Goodman&#039;s metaphor watch: I want a negative effect on impact - The BMJ<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bmj.com\/bmj\/2017\/06\/22\/neville-goodmans-metaphor-watch-i-want-a-negative-effect-on-impact\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Neville Goodman&#039;s metaphor watch: I want a negative effect on impact - The BMJ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Impact is not an old word, unlike its close relative effect. 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